The logistics industry has been as a significant contributor to carbon emissions. Within Vietnam’s logistics sector, there is a notable contrast in terms of the quantity of foreign and Vietnamese companies and their respective market shares. This article used a structured survey and descriptive analysis to investigate the low-carbon-emission measures employed by domestic and foreign-invested logistics service providers (LSPs), comparing the results of these two groups, and in-depth interviews were applied for further discussion. The relevant literature was reviewed and expert insights were used to develop a comprehensive questionnaire, resulting in 166 completed responses, of which 159 were suitable for data analysis. The findings reveal variations in the degree to which low-carbon practices are adopted by foreign and domestic firms. In addition to changes in transport modes and the use of energy-saving lighting, the adoption levels of other low-carbon practices show that foreign LSPs exhibit higher engagement compared to their domestic counterparts. This can be attributed to their extensive global operations, greater access to capital resources, and a greater awareness of the importance of green initiatives in developed countries. In conclusion, this study conducts a comparative analysis between foreign-invested and domestic firms, which has not been previously investigated.

Logistics industry has been found to be among the key sources of carbon emission. In Vietnam logistics industry, there is a considerable difference between the number of foreign and Vietnamese firms as well as the proportion of markets that they are taking. This study is to research the low-carbon emission measures conducted by domestic and foreign invested logistics service providers (LSPs) and compare the results of the two groups. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are applied. Literatures in relevant fields are reviewed and expert opinions are taken for structuring a questionnaire which was later distributed to 279 LSPs, with 166 returned and 159 being valid for data calculation. The results imply that there are differences in extension of applications of low-carbon practices between foreign and domestic firms. Except for transport mode switch and energy-saving lighting, the other practices witness that adoption levels of foreign LSPs are higher than their counterparts, which is possibly thanks to their global operation, more comfortable capital resources and awareness level of green initiative necessity. In conclusion, a comparison between the application conducted by foreign-invested firms and domestic ones, which has not been investigated before, was made.

Objective: The article aims to analyse the impacts of macro factors on national entrepreneurship, providing insights for policymakers to promote entrepreneurial activities in developing countries. Research Design & Methods: We employed the panel data analysis method and identified the robust fixed-effects model as the most appropriate for our research sample, which we obtained from the open databases of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and the World Bank. Given the unbalanced panel structure, the dataset comprised 37 developing countries, with 173 year-observations over the period 2003 to 2019. Findings: Our findings indicate that economic growth, consumer price index (CPI), government expenditure on education, and Research and Development (R&D) investment positively impact national entrepreneurship of developing countries, whereas unemployment exhibits a negative impact. However, other macro factors such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, import, export, gross national expenditure, labour force quality and entrepreneurial institutions do not show a significant impact on national entrepreneurship of developing countries. Implications & Recommendations: Governments of developing countries should prioritise national entrepreneurship by investing in education, R&D, and controlling inflation at an appropriate level. It is also crucial for these countries to enhance economic growth and address unemployment through entrepreneurship programs and labour market reforms. Contribution & Value Added: This study contributes to the literature by enriching the resource-based view (RBV) and institutional theory on national entrepreneurship and its macro conditions, which governments in developing countries can influence to promote entrepreneurial activities at the macro level. Methodologically, our empirical study strengthens the field by employing panel data analysis on a sample of developing countries. The findings provide policymakers with a clearer perspective for planning strategies and policies to enhance positive factors and mitigate negative ones, fostering an environment conducive to entrepreneurship and sustainable economic development in developing countries.