ET is used in camel reproduction to increase the reproductive potential of elite females selected for production and show. This retrospective study analyzed the association between factors related to embryo flushing (flushing fluid turbidity and debris), embryo quality (grades 1–4), recipient uterine status (tone and endometrial microcalcifications (EM)), farm and its locations (Qassim and Hail), as well high and low temperature on the likelihood of establishment of the 2-month pregnancy rate (PR) in dromedary camels. A total of 4360 embryos were transferred to 2947 recipients in this study. Logistic regression analysis (binary) was applied to evaluate the association between the selected factors and PR in month two. The likelihood of PR was affected by embryo quality (p < 0.01), EMs (p < 0.01), and farm (p < 0.05) and its location (p < 0.01). Transferring embryos to low (p < 0.01) or medium (p < 0.05) EM recipients decreased the likelihood of PR by ~1.3 times compared to uteri without EM. Grade 3 or 4 embryo transfer decreased the likelihood of PR by ~1.9 and 2.6 times, respectively, compared to grade 1 embryos (p< 0.01). In Saudi Arabia, applying an ET program in dromedaries in the Hail region raised the prediction of PR over the Qassim region by 1.2 times. Temperature changes had no effect on PR; however, higher temperature only affected the PR when grade 4 embryos were transferred. In conclusion, the likelihood of PR was higher with the transfer of grade 1 or 2 embryos in an EM-free uterus in the Hail region (Saudi Arabia). PR was only affected by higher temperature in the case of transferring grade 4 embryos.

The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) fetal membranes, commonly referred to as “the placenta”, are epitheliochorial, diffuse, and microcotyledonary, similarly to the mare’s placenta. The evaluation of the placenta is an essential component of the neonatal evaluation in the equine species. However, post-partum or post-abortion placental assessment in dromedary camels is unfortunately too frequently neglected and, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the dromedary camel species lacks a comprehensive description of the normal placenta’s gross morphology. In order to facilitate its on-field evaluation, the current study describes the macroscopic features of the placenta of the dromedary camel after full-term pregnancy and spontaneous parturition.

In order to contribute to the development of semen processing procedures in camelids, the aims of the present study were to evaluate (i) the effect of 35% seminal plasma incubation on dromedary camel epididymal sperm motility and kinematic parameters, (ii) the effects of centrifugation, with cushion fluid and enzymatic reduction of viscosity (Papain + E64) during ejaculate processing, on the motility and kinematic parameters of dromedary camel ejaculates. The incubation with seminal plasma significantly reduced the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa as well as the proportion of medium progressive spermatozoa whilst increasing the percentage of non-progressive spermatozoa. The centrifugation procedure improved the sperms’ kinematic parameters, and the highest values were observed for samples centrifugated with cushion fluid. The samples treated with Papain + E64 showed a significant increase in both total and medium progressive spermatozoa, along with a reduction of non-progressive spermatozoa (p < 0.05). The results of this investigation show that a simple, cheap, and effective procedure, such as cushioned centrifugation, could improve the motility patterns of dromedary camel spermatozoa; in combination with enzymatic reduction of viscosity, this method leads to the best results in terms of recovery rates and sperms’ kinematic parameters.

The importance of prompt evaluation and care of the newborn is essential for reducing neonatal mortality, which represents a major cause of loss in camelids. This study investigated the blood gases, acid-base and electrolyte profiles in healthy dromedary calves during the first 3 weeks of life, assessing possible associations with age. Twenty-one dromedary camel calves aged 1 to 21 days were sampled, and venous whole blood analyzed through a VETSTAT® analyzer. The following parameters were measured: sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), chloride (Cl^–), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), partial pressure carbon dioxide (pCO₂), partial pressure oxygen (pO₂), total hemoglobin concentration (tHb), hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO₂), total carbon dioxide (tCO₂), bicarbonate (HCO₃^–), base excess (BE) and anion gap (AG). Calves were divided in two groups; younger calves (1–10 d), and older calves (11–21 d). Statistical analysis showed an effect of age, with lower K⁺ (p < 0.001) and higher Na⁺ and Cl⁻ (p < 0.05) mean concentrations in the younger calves compared to the older ones, and higher pCO₂ and lower sO₂ mean concentrations in the older group. These preliminary results firstly described the blood gas, acid-base and electrolyte profiles in the healthy dromedary calf during the first 3 weeks of age, suggesting an effect of age on some parameters.