The study aimed to determine groundwater’s suitability for irrigation and cattle rearing in Kuwait. In this regard, groundwater samples were collected from Umm Al Aish (UA) and adjoining Rawdhatain (RA) water wellfields to develop groundwater suitability maps for irrigation purposes using the fuzzy logic technique in ArcGIS. RA was dominated by Na-Cl, Na-Ca, and Ca-SO₄ water types, whereas UA was dominated by the Ca-Mg water type. Due to the influence of the temperature and pCO₂, the carbonates were inferred to be more susceptible to precipitation in the soil than the sulfates. The ternary plots for both regions revealed that the samples’ suitability ranged from good to unsuitable. Spatial maps of nine significant parameters governing the irrigation suitability of water were mapped and integrated using the fuzzy membership values for both regions. The final suitability map derived by overlaying all the considered parameters indicated that 8% of the RA region was categorized as excellent, while UA showed only 5%. Samples situated in the study areas showed an excellent to very satisfactory range for livestock consumption. Developing a monitoring system along with innovative water resource management systems is essential in maintaining the fertility of the soil and existing groundwater reserves.

The terrestrial components of the hydrological cycle include rainwater, surface water, and groundwater. Carbon (C) isotopes allow hydrologists to pinpoint the age of groundwater, track its flow rate, and identify the sources and processes. This research summarizes previous investigations conducted on the isotopes of groundwater and precipitation. The Scopus database contains works from authors from fifty nations, who have conducted research integrating C isotopes in groundwater and precipitation. The review shows that there have been few C isotope investigations on carbon storage and sequestration, as well as on δ¹³C of precipitation in arid regions. An integrated e-DNA investigation on the process of C isotope fractionation in diverse environments, as well as research on ¹³C of precipitation in arid regions before and after dust storms, is required to elucidate the relative contributions of biogenic, geogenic, and anthropogenic sources. However, carbon isotope fingerprints that are unique to individual compounds, such as those of fugitive gases, need sophisticated analytical equipment in order to be investigated, limiting this type of study to nations with robust scientific infrastructures and well-trained manpower. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been instrumental in this effort by providing collaborative research and analytical support, resulting in the development of a network for isotope data generation.