Plasmodium falciparum parasites carrying deletions of histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 genes, pfhrp2 and pfhrp3, respectively, are likely to escape detection via HRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and, consequently, treatment, posing a major risk to both the health of the infected individual and malaria control efforts. This study assessed the frequency of pfhrp2- and pfhrp3-deleted strains at four different study sites in Central Africa (number of samples analyzed: Gabon N = 534 and the Republic of Congo N = 917) and West Africa (number of samples analyzed: Nigeria N = 466 and Benin N = 120) using a highly sensitive multiplex qPCR. We found low prevalences for pfhrp2 (1%, 0%, 0.03% and 0) and pfhrp3 single deletions (0%, 0%, 0.03% and 0%) at all study sites (Gabon, the Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Benin, respectively). Double-deleted P. falciparum were only found in Nigeria in 1.6% of all internally controlled samples. The results of this pilot investigation do not point towards a high risk for false-negative RDT results due to pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletions in Central and West African regions. However, as this scenario can change rapidly, continuous monitoring is essential to ensure that RDTs remain a suitable tool for the malaria diagnostic strategy.

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), including Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm species, and Trichuris trichiura, cause significant morbidity worldwide. For an effective proper control of their morbidity, accurate diagnosis method is needed. To this end, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been developed, but its use remains limited due to the high cost of its implementation, the resources required, and the lack of qualified technicians. The objective of the present analysis is to assess the agreement between the Kato–Katz microscopy method and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) in the diagnostic of STHs before and after treatment, to decipher the usefulness of either technique for evaluation of the treatment. Methods: Stool samples were collected before and after three- or six-weeks post-treatment from study participants and analyzed using Kato–Katz and RT-PCR methods for the diagnosis of STHs infections. The cure rate (CR) was estimated according to each diagnostic method. Agreement between CRs was tested using the Kappa statistical test. Results: Agreement between Kato–Katz and RT-PCR methods varied regarding the STH species targeted and was different after treatment compared with before treatment. At baseline, the two diagnostic methods showed a moderate agreement (0.45 < K < 0.5) for all STH species, whereas after treatment, concordance decreased slightly (0.11 ≤ K ≤ 0.14) for A. lumbricoides, remained moderate (0.5 ≤ K ≤ 0.53) for T. trichiura, and went from moderate to absent for hookworms. Conclusion: Our findings showed basically a moderate agreement between the Kato–Katz method and RT-PCR. There is a likely association with a moderate proportion of microscopy-positive cases. Reciprocally, a decrease in agreement after treatment was observed with low microscopy-positive cases after treatment, whereby RT-PCR was more likely to detect positive cases than microscopy. Therefore, the agreement is positively associated with an increasing in the number of samples testing positive.