This study investigated the influence of refugee status on the occurrence of enuresis. It was performed among school children aged 6 to 11 years and their parents in the Vukovarsko-srijemska County (eastern Croatia), which had many displaced persons and refugees (mostly women and children) in the 1990s due to the wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. A specially designed questionnaire (about the child’s age and gender, the child’s enuresis history and that of the parents, and data on parental refugee status in childhood) was completed by one of the parents. Adequate data were collected for 3046 children. The prevalence of enuresis among the studied children was quite low (2.3%) but the prevalence distribution according to gender, the decline by age, and the higher odds ratio for paternal enuresis were in line with the results of other studies. The prevalence of parental enuresis in childhood was higher than their children’s enuresis (mothers: 5.8%, fathers: 3.6%, p < 0.001), and significantly higher among parents who had been refugees (mothers: p = 0.001, fathers: p = 0.04). Parental refugee status had no influence on the children’s enuresis. The results suggest that refugee status is a risk factor for the occurrence of enuresis in childhood.

The aim of this prospective clinical study was to determine the detection rate of prostate cancers by multiparametric magnetic resonance and transrectal ultrasound (mpMRI-TRUS) cognitive fusion biopsies in patients with a previously negative TRUS-guided biopsy. Between 1 October 2016 and 1 July 2017, in 101 consecutive patients with elevated antigen (PSA) and/or positive digital rectal examination and after a negative first TRUS biopsy, a second, repeated prostate biopsy was performed. In 24 patients, cognitive fusion mpMRI-TRUS biopsy of the prostate with 8-10 system cores and 1-3 target biopsies was performed, in line with the European Association of Urology guidelines. In 77 patients, only a classic, repeated TRUS guided biopsy was performed. In patients with mpMRI, the detection rate according to PIRADS-v2 reporting system was: PIRADS 1, n = 0; PIRADS 2, n = 0; PIRADS 3, n = 0; PIRADS 4, n = 6/8 (75%); and PIRADS 5, n = 2/3 (67%). In the group of patients with MR-TRUS cognitive fusion biopsy, the prostate cancer detection rate was 8/24 (33%), while in the control group the detection rate was 12/77 (16%), which was statistically significant (t test, p = 0.037, CI 95% is 0.01 to 0.37). Patients with PIRADS ≤ 3 (54%) could have avoided the biopsy.

Prostate cancer (PC) is a common malignancy driven by interacting genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, including hereditary mutations (BRCA1/2, HPC1, AR variants), premalignant lesions [proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)], and Western dietary patterns. This narrative review aims to synthesize evidence on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in PC pathogenesis and clinical management across diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and recurrence prediction. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE (2004–present) using predefined terms, screened reference lists, excluded outdated records, and prioritized biomarker studies with AUC ≥ 0.85. Current diagnostic pathways—digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, multiparametric MRI, and Gleason-based International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading—are complemented by molecular tools (4Kscore, PHI, SelectMDx, TMPRSS2–ERG, PCA3, ConfirmMDx). MiRNAs, key post-transcriptional regulators, contribute to PC via dysregulated biogenesis and modulation of androgen receptor signaling within an inflamed, remodeled tumor microenvironment. Circulating and exosomal miRNAs (notably miR-21, miR-375, and miR-182-5p) exhibit greater specificity and stability than PSA, enabling non-invasive diagnosis, risk stratification, treatment monitoring, and recurrence prediction. Therapeutic approaches—antagomirs, sponges, miRNA masks, and CRISPR editing—show preclinical promise, while chemical modifications [peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs), C2′ modifications] improve stability and delivery but remain limited by biodistribution, tissue penetration, off-target effects, and immunogenicity. In conclusion, standardized workflows and multicenter validation, integrated with clinical and imaging data, are essential to translate miRNA-based tools into precision PC management.

Spontaneous regression of testicular germ cell tumors is a well-known phenomenon; however, the precise mechanisms of spontaneous regression are still unknown. Our study aimed to investigate programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in spontaneously regressed testicular germ cell tumors, exploring the link between the immune response and spontaneous regression. From a sample of 356 testicular germ cell tumors, we singled out 5 completely regressed and 6 partially regressed tumors. In four out of six cases with partial regression, a residual seminoma component was found, while in the remaining two cases, an embryonal carcinoma component was found. Comparisons were made with 20 pure seminomas and 20 mixed germ cell tumors (MGCTs). A semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and intra/peritumoral lymphocytes was performed. There was no PD-L1 expression in tumors with complete regression. All partially regressed tumors showed expression in intra/peritumoral lymphocytes within the tumor remnants. Expression was significantly more frequent in pure seminomas compared to MGCTs (P = 0.004). A positive correlation was demonstrated between the seminoma component and the proportion of PD-L1 positive lymphocytes, with a Kendall's Tau-b coefficient of 0.626 (P < 0.001). Tumor cells showed PD-L1 expression in three MGCTs within the embryonal carcinoma component. Our results support an immunological mechanism of spontaneous tumor regression, with the strongest potential in testicular tumors containing seminoma components. However, further research is necessary to determine the role of PD-L1 ligand more precisely in the microenvironment of spontaneously regressed tumors.