Astragalus L. is one of the main genera of blossoming plants, and its diversity of species and forms is well known. The Astragalus L. taxa make a significant contribution to the mountainous and steppe ecosystems of the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Although the species within this genus have been the subject of several molecular studies, the evolutionary relationships among these species remain unidentified. Despite extensive research, little is known about the phylogenetic relationships among the various subgenera of Astragalus. This research is intended to investigate the molecular variation of 33 species of the genus Astragalus L. found in the Kurdistan area of Iraq. For molecular validations, three separate techniques (nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and conserved DNA-derived polymorphism (CDDP)) were used. With respect to Astragalus L. indentations, universal ITS1 and ITS4 gene sequencing was used, and the discovered sequences were subjected to BLAST searches in the NCBI database. A phylogenetic tree was generated with two main clades. Regarding detecting genetic diversity between the taxa, 24 molecular markers (14 ISSR and 10 CDDP) were used. High values of polymorphic materials and gene diversity were detected. ISSR markers had an average of 22.71 polymorphic bands per primer, while CDDP markers had the highest mean values for polymorphic information content (0.37), Shannon’s information index (0.27), expected heterozygosity (0.19), and unbiased expected heterozygosity (0.23). Cluster and principal coordinate analyses divided the Astragalus L. taxa into four main groups using the two molecular data sets. According to the results of the molecular variance analysis, the highest variation was detected within sections, with values of 92.01 and 89.48% for ISSR and CDDP markers, respectively. These outcomes suggest the effectiveness of molecular markers and the ITS region in determining and identifying genetic correlations between Astragalus species.

Thirteen species of Trifolium L. were tested by twenty different 10 mers RAPD primers. The results of the technique RAPD showed clear genetic variations among the species under study and the species were divided into two general groups at the level of similarity 1.42, while taking group I about 11 species, II was isolated with two species T. dasynrum and T. pilulare, the group I it was divided into branches A which separated from the rest of the species T. leucanthum and B which branched into B1 and B2, the B1 included 7 species, while B2 contained three species. The objective of this study was to determine Trifolium 's molecular phylogenesis based on the RAPD method as a genetic taxonomic tool to isolate and separate species.

Genus Salvia, commonly known as sage, is the largest genus in the Lamiaceae family.A phylogenetic analysis was conducted using sequences that were studied. The current study was reached to the identification of Salvia L. taxa family (Lamiaceae) in Kurdistan Region,Iraq.The study concluded that the current diagnosis of (5) taxa in different areas of Iraq these taxa were (Salvia spinosa, Salvia palaestina, Salvia viridis, Salvia multicaulis and Salvia syriaca).The objectives of this study were to explore the phylogenetic relationships and molecular taxonomy of five genus species Salvia, I studied the neighbour-joining tree of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the genus Salvia. The outcomes demonstrated the running of the achieved nucleotide of the Salvia in Mega X to show the similarity with other species of Salvia. The result shows the similarity with these five species and the tree divided into four clades, which are (clade 1,2,3, and 4).Which clade 1 consists of (Salvia spinosa and Salvia palaestina). Then the relationship between Salvia spinosa with the Salvia palaestina is about 79% in the same group in clade1 and the relationship between them. This group is also a sister relative by 99% with the species of Salvia syriaca in the clade 2. The clade 3 and clade 4 consist of (Salvia viridis & Salvia multicaulis) respectively, and the similarity of these two clades with the clade 1 and 2 is 79%.They were grouped into a different trichotomy in the surface of leaves, stems, and flowers. Most species were different and occurred in separated clades. The phylogenetic relationships of Salvia L. taxa consider the first study in Iraq.

M.M. JAWAD, A.T. AL-TAIE, M.A.H. AL-HADEETHI, and L.H. KHAL Citation: Jawad MM, Al-Taie AT, Al-Hadeethi MAH, Khal LH (2024). Molecular analysis of wildly grown genus veronica species (Plantaginaceae) in Iraq. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 56(4): 1473-1483. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2024.56.4.13. Summary Veronica is a prominent genus belonging to the family Plantaginaceae. Six species