This study examines the characteristics of 3D scan data of Korean wooden architectural heritage structures and methods of applying the data from a representation perspective. For the preservation of its unique features, architectural heritage requires accurate representation in terms of investigation, research, and application. The representation of architectural heritage indicates a derivative reflecting the original structure and construction based on the intention of the builder. Thus, the recognition of architectural heritage varies according to the representation methods, which include text, drawings, plans, photos, and 3D scan data, each of which has different advantages and disadvantages. Compared with other models, 3D scan data provide a more accurate representation and carry value as digital data, while minimizing potential intentionality. Three-dimensional scan data can be collated with different types of information, such as building information modeling (BIM), with ease of updating. Therefore, the characteristics of 3D scan data should be identified and applied regarding representation in order to maximize data effectiveness. Three-dimensional scan data can be used most efficiently to create investigative reports representing architectural heritage. By adding the awareness of new technologies, Korean wooden architectural heritage can take advantage of accurate documentation and digital surveys in order to be preserved and recorded sustainably through digital towns and datasets. They can documented and represented through a technology-driven investigative report.

We aimed to identify the characteristics of the changes in the buildings and alleyways in Yeonnam-dong, Seoul, where low-rise, residential buildings are being renovated or repurposed into commercial buildings, as well as to investigate their renovations, repurposes, and sociocultural implications. Thus, we surveyed and classified 149 renovated buildings, investigated the perceptions and ambiance of the area and buildings using a trade area analysis and interviews with visitors and store owners, and uncovered the importance of renovation. Since the early gentrification, a trend of performing renovations that retained the original form of the building from the initial renovation stage was seen; this created an ambiance of nostalgia, naturalness, and authenticity, along with the urban conditions of low-rise, residential buildings in Yeonnam-dong, a representative undeveloped area. These renovated buildings reflect the social status, taste, and practice of gentrifiers, and they reveal a hybridization of the past and present, Korean circumstances and exotic cultures, and residential and commercial buildings. As commercialization progressed, renovated buildings vastly differing from the original and displaying active commercial characteristics were seen. Our findings imply that the area’s early ambiance, which had an air of “distinctiveness”, has lost its personality and begun to generalize. Thus, numerous gentrifiers have been replaced and several aspects of renovation have changed that the visitors are aware of.

This study purports to comprehensively understand the factors affecting Korean primary and middle school students' motivation and willingness to communicate (WTC) in English. The research question is how participants' cultural beliefs influence other social, affective, and communicative variables. Seven hypotheses are formulated to test the causal relationship among variables. The study employs 45 questionnaires and a structural equation modeling (SEM). 124 primary students from 4th to 6th grade and 136 middle school students participated in the study. The results reveal three key findings. Firstly, positive cultural beliefs would be a causative factor resulting in students' willingness to communicate in English and their attitudes towards learning situation. Secondly, it is learners' attitudes toward learning situation that generate the Korean students' motivation. Thirdly, students' WTC is caused by self­confidence, which is directly influenced by motivation. In short, the more positive cultural beliefs learners have, the more they are willing to communicate in English and the more motivated they become.

개개인이 선호하는 패션 스타일이 다양해지며, 개인화된 패션추천 연구에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 최근에는 딥러닝 기술의 발전으로 딥러닝을 활용하여 패션사진으로부터 특징을 추출하고 추천에 활용하는 연구가 많이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 패션사진의 추천에 있어서 패션 스타일 뿐 아니라, 소비자도 고려하기 위해 소셜 네트워크 데이터를 이용하고자 했다. 인스타그램과 같은 소셜 네트워크의 각 사용자는 자신이 선호하는 스타일의 패션사진을 포스팅하고 “좋아요”로 태깅하는 경향이 있어, 소셜 네트워크 데이터는 사용자와 패션사진 사이의 관계를 파악하는데 있어서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구팀은 사용자와 패션사진으로 이루어진 소셜 네트워크 데이터 구조로부터 사용자와 패션사진을 같은 벡터공간에 매핑하는 기법을 제안한다. 특히, 학습에 이용되지 않은 사용자와 패션이미지도 추가학습 없이 벡터공간에 매핑함으로써, 임의의 사용자가 선호할 만한 패션사진을 추천해주기 위해 제안 방법을 이용할 수 있다.

This study tracks changes in commercial buildings in Yeonnam-dong that have undergone commercial transformation, examining these shifts within the context of urban organization and their relationships with economic and socio-cultural flows. It also analyzes the architectural elements that reflect the placeness characteristics of an area. On-site surveys were conducted to assess the continuity and discontinuity in the characteristics of 62 renovated and 40 newly constructed buildings. Additionally, shifts in social perceptions regarding physical changes were explored through an analysis of commercial districts and interviews with visitors, store owners, and architects. Yeonnam-dong has a distinct physical environment, as well as economic, social, and cultural characteristics that distinguish it from mainstream areas, such as large apartment complexes and typical commercial zones. The area, with its winding alleyways from the pre-modern period and low-rise housing—marginalized from large-scale development—evoked nostalgia and created a distinctive sense of authenticity or placeness, which was further enhanced by the presence of exotic restaurants, cafés, ateliers, and creative activities of early gentrifiers. However, rapid commercialization has led to the displacement of these early gentrifiers, an influx of new investments and construction, and shifts in commercial flows. Consequently, the area’s authenticity has become diluted, and visitors’ perceptions of it have changed. Despite this, architectural elements observed in renovated buildings are preserved and incorporated into newly constructed ones. Features such as semi-basements, exterior straight stairs, and brick façades continue to reflect the locality. Detached and multi-household homes from the 1960s to the 1990s have evolved into a new hybrid commercial–residential form designed for commercial purposes. This is a response to small plot sizes in Korean residential areas and reflects the current economic and cultural demands of commercial gentrification. The urban and architectural characteristics of this area are not only a unique physical environment but also hold socio-cultural significance as ordinary heritage. Therefore, this study proposes institutional measures to preserve urban and architectural continuity while controlling the ongoing commercialization.

본 연구의 목적은 시진핑 시대 일인지배와 중앙 집권화가 강화되었음에도 불구하고 중국 국가핵심이익은 최고 지도부의 대전략에 의해서만 결정되는 것이 아니라, 핵심이익의 다양한 사례에 따라 협소한 이익 혹은 회색지대로도 설명할 수 있다는 사실을 증명하는 것이다. 그리고 중국 국내 정치에서 이슈 중심성과 정치 엘리트 합의 정도에 따라 특정 사례가 핵심이익과 중요이익 중 어느 쪽에 더 가까운지 결정된다. 본 연구의 범위는 시진핑 시대 중국 외교와 국내 정치로서, 이 논문은 시진핑 시대 국가핵심이익 가운데 국가 주권, 국가안보, 국가발전의 각 사례를 비교 분석할 것이다.