In the high-energy, high-carbon landscape of the construction industry, a detailed and precise life cycle assessment (LCA) is essential. This review examines the role of building information modeling (BIM) software in streamlining the LCA process to enhance efficiency and accuracy. Despite its potential, challenges such as software interoperability and compatibility persist, with no unified standard for choosing BIM-integrated LCA software. Besides, the review explores the capabilities and limitations of various BIM software, LCA tools, and energy consumption tools, and presents characteristics of BIM-LCA integration cases. It critically discusses BIM-LCA integration methods and data exchange techniques, including bill of quantities import, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) import, BIM viewer usage, direct LCA calculations with BIM plugins, and LCA plugin calculations. Finally, concluding with future perspectives, the study aims to guide the development of advanced LCA tools for better integration with BIM software, addressing a vital need in sustainable construction practices.

This paper evaluates the shrinkage performance of concrete under complex internal constraint environments comprising steel plates, studs, and reinforcement to investigate their respective influence laws on the shrinkage performance of concrete. An early shrinkage model of concrete under complex internal constraints was established based on the theory of capillary tension, and the effects of steel plate, nails, and steel reinforcement on the shrinkage performance of concrete were theoretically analyzed. Six sets of concrete-constrained shrinkage tests and pore structure tests were then performed under different internal constraint conditions with the steel plate thickness, reinforcement diameter, and stud-related parameters (stud diameter, height, and spacing) as research variables. The test results demonstrate that the pore structure of concrete increases with the increase in the constraint coefficient, and that the increase in the pore structure will cause a decrease in the capillary pore stress, which is the driving force of concrete shrinkage. Its decrease will inevitably lead to a decrease in concrete shrinkage. By comparing the calculated values of the shrinkage model with the measured values, it is found that the average value of the prediction error is less than 15%, which reveals that the predicted values of shrinkage are in good agreement with the measured values and proves that the model can effectively predict the shrinkage of concrete that is restrained by steel plates, pins, and reinforcing bars.