• PD-L1 expression in HGSOC requires further study with modern antibody reagents and platforms. • The association of PD-L1 positive cases with CD8+ immune cells is more prominent. • The checkpoint value in HGSOC is not yet clear, but there is an importance meaningful when the threshold is ≥5%. • PD-L1 expression shows two immunohistochemical staining patterns, patchy/diffuse and patchy/focal.

This study aimed to detect the presence of Echinococcus spp. in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPG) samples of hydatid cyst cases and to discuss the DNA isolation problems in FFPG samples. FFPG samples of 47 cases diagnosed with hydatid cyst were included in this study. Demographic characteristics of the cases were investigated. Microtome sections were taken from the samples and deparaffinization, DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gel agarose electrophoresis procedures were performed. Of the cases, 55.3% were female, whereas 45.7% were male. Average age was 45.47 and 68.1% of the cases were located in the liver, 17.0% in the lung, 12.8% in the abdomen, and 2.1% in the brain. DNA was obtained in only 11 (23.4%) of the FFPG cyst samples and no proliferation was detected in the PCR products of any of the sample. The scolex/germinal membrane' absence in the FFPG sections, intense inflammatory cell reaction, presence of fibrosis and stromal/parenchymal tissue, DNA damage due to formaldehyde action, long-term archiving, and insufficient amount of DNA obtained were considered as factors preventing DNA replication in PCR.

Hayati fonksiyonların tehdit altına girdiği durumlarda ilk yapılması gerekenler temel yaşam desteği olarak tanımlanır. Pediatride temel yaşam desteği acil durumlarda sağkalım oranlarının artmasını sağladığı gibi morbidite de azalmaya katkıda bulunmaktadır. Son yıllarda bilimsel çalışmaların ışığında pediatrik temel yaşam desteği uygulamalarında önemli değişiklikler yapılarak uygulama kolaylığı da sağlayan yeni rehberler yayınlanmaktadır. Pediatrik popülasyonun toplu olarak bulunduğu okul, kreş, otobüs vb. gibi alanlarda çalışan öğretmen, şoför, emniyet görevlisi vb. personelin temel yaşam desteği konusunda eğitimli olması hayat kurtarıcıdır. Pediatride temel yaşam desteği için belirli zamanlarda kurs ve bilgilendirme toplantıları düzenlemek devlet politikası olmalıdır. Bu derlemede pediatrik hasta popülasyonunda temel yaşam desteği konusu ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır.

Aim: Early detection of endometrial cancer is important for the prognosis of the disease. In our study, the effect of myometrial invasion and histological grade on lymph node metastasis was investigated in patient with early stage endometrium cancer . Material and Method: A total of 249 patients from the last 10 years who underwent systemic lymphadenectomy for staging in our hospital were retrospectively examined. The pathologies of these patients were limited to the uterine corpus. The effect of histological grade of tumor and myometrial invasion on lymph node metastasis was evaluated statistically. Results: The average lymph node collected from patients was 27.7 (11-78). Lymph node metastasis was detected in 4.1% of patients with histological grade 1-2 and