Currently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease worldwide, with a prevalence of 32%. It is much more common among men (40%) and among patients with metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Being an asymptomatic disease, the diagnosis is often established on the basis of imaging methods, with an important role given to abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In order to facilitate diagnosis, experts have introduced a series of blood biomarkers. Two biomarker panels are currently validated for the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the fatty liver index, and the hepatic steatosis index. The fatty liver index has been in use in medical practice for over 17 years and has demonstrated its accuracy in various studies that compared it with other diagnostic methods, highlighted its role in screening patients with cardiovascular risk and validated the effects of different diets and drugs that are proposed for the treatment of the disease. In the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the fatty liver index is an important algorithm in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with metabolic risk. Taking into account the diversity of drugs to be approved in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the fatty liver index will become an effective tool in monitoring the effects of these therapies.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic non-communicable disease associated with macroangiopathy and microangiopathy, with disabling or even life-threatening complications. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the association between insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation biomarkers and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), respectively. The study had a cross-sectional design and evaluated a panel of IR related indices and inflammatory biomarkers commonly used in clinical and epidemiological research, including the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and its obesity related derivates, cholesterol, HDL, glucose (CHG) index, lipid-derived ratios, and composite inflammatory indices, together with interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in 110 subjects, according to the presence or absence of PAD and DPN, respectively. In the PAD (+) group, TyG-waist-to-height-ratio (TyG−WHtR) and CHG recorded significantly increased values (p = 0.042, respectively p < 0.001), compared to PAD (−). CHG recorded significantly increased values in DPN (+) subjects (p = 0.007). In addition, in the PAD (+) subjects, IL-6 and systemic immune inflammation index (SII) recorded significantly increased values (p = 0.026, respectively, p = 0.015) and TNFα, monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) recorded significantly increased values in DPN (+) subjects (p = 0.028, respectively, p = 0.008, and p = 0.038). We developed a score with a good discriminatory performance for PAD and DPN, including DM duration, TyG−WHtR, SII, MLR and CAR (AUROC 0.822 in PAD, respectively 0.848 in DPN, p < 0.001). A composite score combining IR and inflammatory biomarkers showed strong discriminatory performance for lower limb complications in type 2 diabetes, suggesting a valuable tool for early detection and prevention.

(1) Background: The relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is bidirectional: NAFLD increases the risk of T2DM, and T2DM promotes the progression of the disease into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (2) Material and methods: We performed a retrospective, open study that included 59 patients with NAFLD and T2DM who were distributed into two groups: 44 (74.57%) patients were diagnosed with hepatic steatosis (HS) and 15 (25.42%) patients were diagnosed with NASH. (3) Results: Among the non-specific inflammatory biomarkers, serum ferritin (SF) and the neutrophil-percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) showed higher and statistically significant mean values (p = 0.003 respectively p = 0.03) in the group of patients with NASH and T2DM. Conclusions: Consequently, it is essential to identify alternative markers for the inflammatory process, particularly in individuals with diabetes, as it is a key characteristic of NASH. This need arises from the desire to avoid the risks associated with liver biopsy procedures (LBP) and to prevent the unpredictable and unfavorable progression of NAFLD in patients with T2DM.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a widespread and aggressive form of cancer, and in cases of its occurrence, accurate diagnosis and precise staging play a crucial role in determining treatment and estimating prognosis. Flexible bronchoscopy (FB) is a minimally invasive method used to assess the local and regional extent of the disease. FB facilitates the identification of endobronchial lesions and the collection of biopsy samples for histopathological diagnosis. It also enables the evaluation of regional lymph node involvement via advanced techniques such as endobronchial ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA). This method has high sensitivity and specificity, reducing the need for more invasive interventions like mediastinoscopy. The integration of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) has revolutionized NSCLC staging by providing detailed images and guiding biopsies of suspicious lymph nodes. Additionally, FB is valuable in staging the extent of primary tumor growth, providing critical information about the invasion of adjacent structures. In conclusion, FB, supported by advanced technologies, is important for the staging of NSCLC, improving medical practice and patient prognosis.

Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) represents the most prevalent form of lung cancer and remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease has evolved far beyond traditional histopathological classification. While histology remains foundational, it is no longer sufficient to guide optimal patient management in the era of precision oncology. This review uniquely integrates the full spectrum of NSCLC evaluation, from underlying pathophysiological mechanisms to histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses, culminating in individualized therapeutic planning. We highlight actionable genetic alterations—including EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, and KRAS—and their roles in guiding targeted therapies, alongside the transformative impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors in selected patients. By emphasizing the interplay between tumor biology, diagnostic workflows, and treatment selection, this review underscores the necessity of comprehensive molecular testing and data integration. Finally, we discuss emerging biomarkers and rational combination strategies that promise to further refine patient stratification and improve outcomes.

Pneumonia remains a major global health concern, particularly among elderly and immunocompromised populations, and is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. It is a heterogeneous infectious disease caused by a wide variety of microorganisms, resulting in diverse imaging manifestations and characteristic patterns of pulmonary distribution. Despite advances in microbiological diagnostics and imaging, the literature still lacks a comprehensive overview integrating the imaging characteristics of pneumonia with pathogen-specific features and host susceptibility. A structured literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between 2000 and 2026 focusing on key pathogen groups and their radiological patterns. The reviewed evidence indicates that pulmonary distribution is determined by a complex interplay between infection routes, lung anatomy and physiology, host defense mechanisms, patient-specific, and environmental exposures. Radiological patterns, including lobar, bronchopneumonic, interstitial, necrotizing, abscess-forming, and cavitating forms, may correlate with pathogen type, disease severity, and host vulnerability. This integrative approach emphasizes the importance of correlating imaging findings with clinical presentation and patient risk factors to support early etiological assessment and guide empirical therapy. Improved understanding of the determinants of pulmonary distribution may facilitate personalized management, rapid clinical decision-making in emergencies and hospital settings, and improved clinical outcomes.