In this paper, we analyze the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by proposing a proxy war model, where conflict lasts longer, but it is less costly than direct military confrontation. In proxy wars, Nash equilibria are realizable, but not always sustainable in the long-run. The consolidation level of the double principal–agent relationship predicts the continuation of conflict and thus the emergence of peace. As our model suggests, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is likely to remain irresolvable, as long as the Palestinians do not have a principal that is willing to provide continuous and positive levels of conflict involvement.

The article is devoted to the approaches that can be applied in the distribution of Arctic resources between the main reference countries of this region. The objective economic nature of the problems that arise in this region makes it possible to characterize them as a competition of claims for a limited and potentially dynamically changing resource. At a formal level, this problem has a general nature and it is typical for many areas of modern economy. At the same time, it is impossible to deny its specifics, which imposes significant restrictions on possible methods of solution. In recent years, problems in the sphere of interstate cooperation under conditions of limited resources have significantly increased. In such a situation, scientific and practical research in the field of mechanisms for regulating the relations between the parties (economic entities) becomes interesting. In analyzing the mechanisms of distribution of limited resources, one can use the theory of cooperative games, mathematical models of resource rationing, as well as works on the study of problems of equitable distribution (s.c. Fair Divisions). In the framework of such tasks, the range of applicants for limited resources can be limited to countries or regions directly adjacent. The process can be include of “external players” who have sufficient investment potential. The subsequent development and analysis of the problems of regulating intercountry interaction are associated with mathematical formalization. Such formalization presupposes a description of the situation of competitive interaction between countries in the form of a stochastic cooperative game. An analysis of possible concepts for the solution of this game will lead to meaningful conclusions about specific schemes (mechanisms) of rationing.

Digital literacy under conditions of global transformation of the economy and society has become the most important factor for socio-economic growth. The development of technology has fundamentally changed the speed of information exchange, which has led to profound changes in social relations. The labor market conditions have undergone qualitative changes. Digital skills and competencies have come to the fore. In this context, digital literacy becomes a key factor in personal development. Currently, the research into the results of government measures aimed at increasing digital literacy, both in the field of law and in the socio-economic sphere, increased in relevance. This article is about the methods for analyzing the fundamental results of public policy. The regulatory documents of India (Right to Digital Literacy Bill, December 2022), Indonesia (National Digital Literacy Program, 2021) and Singapore (Digital Readiness Blueprint, 2018). The study results allow to identify the role of government measures in the field of law, the leading factors in the population digital literacy evolution processes, as well as the country-specific characteristics of these processes.

This article explores methods for studying the development patterns of carbon neutrality policies currently pursued by various countries. The focus is on statistical regression models that identify the factors that determine the type of carbon neutrality policy (strategy). Total greenhouse gas emissions are used as the primary marker characteristic of this policy. The constructed models allow us to draw conclusions about the complex, ambiguous, and multidirectional influence of key macroeconomic indicators (GDP, GDP per capita, population, and territorial size) on a country's carbon neutrality policy. At the same time, we are able to identify a stable and significant statistical dependence of emissions on a number of non-obvious (clearly not registered) economic factors. An analysis of the intertemporal dynamics of the basic characteristics of carbon neutrality policies pursued by countries has additional applied constructive value. In particular, it forms a conceptual basis for clustering countries in terms of the properties of their environmental strategies. A separate research direction is outlined that will allow us to take into account the influence of intercountry competition factors. First and foremost, the size of emission quotas. This approach is based on rationing models (fair divisions models).

At the current stage of socio-economic development, the problem of cybercrime has become one of the most acute and relevant issues. While recognizing its indisputable importance in application-oriented terms, it is impossible to ignore its fundamental scientific and theoretical complexity. To a large extent, this is due to the vagueness and uncertainty of the fundamental terminological foundations of the concept. Additional sophistication and complexity of this issue is due to the unique peculiarities of the legal regulation mechanisms in the field of innovation and digital information technologies. The cyber economy and data economy are characterized by increased volatility (hypervolatility) and an extremely short retrospective. Therefore, the legal norms characterized by a precedent nature are either ineffective or simply inapplicable. This article formulates and substantiates the argument of the need for a proactive approach focused not on the retrospective that concerns past violations, but taking into account the objective trends in the development of the cyber sphere (new information technologies).

The article considers possible approaches to studying the complex of cybersecurity problems in the modern world, which is characterized by segmentation, anti-globalization trends, aggravation of confrontation between centers of power and, as a consequence, protracted instability (hypervolatility). Particular attention is paid to the issues of defining the term «cybersecurity», the ambiguity and vagueness of the meanings invested in it in various studies, as well as the legal practice of various countries. Based on a critical analysis, the author's approach to interpreting cybersecurity in the context of a hypervolatile environment is proposed. Based on the analysis of the preliminary list of indicators reflecting the level of security of countries in cyberspace, the most significant and representative characteristics are identified. These primarily include the global cybersecurity index (GSI). At subsequent stages of the study, econometric models are proposed that formalize the patterns that affect the dynamics of the GSI. The constructed models allow us to analyze, identify and compare trends in the evolution of cybersecurity in different countries. In particular, the assumption about the influence of hidden factors on cybersecurity that are not explicitly expressed in the traditional system of socio-political indicators of states seems quite realistic.