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Public transit authorities have enhanced the travel experience to promote ridership and customer loyalty. Previous studies about satisfaction and loyalty of transit riders, however, give less attention to out-of-vehicle environments such as walking/biking routes, transfer comfort, and traffic and crime safety conditions. The first-mile and last-mile problem—distance traveled before and after using transit—is a well-known barrier of transit use, but an empirical study about how people experience it is lacking. Thus, this study aims to explore how transit riders experience out-of-vehicle environments—access, transfer, and egress—and how their experience is related to overall satisfaction and loyalty to transit service. We conducted a questionnaire survey of people (n = 445) living in areas served by the Utah Transit Authority and analyzed the responses through an Importance-Satisfaction analysis and a path analysis, a type of structural equation modeling. A descriptive analysis demonstrates complex first-mile travel patterns: driving is the most common mode to start a transit-involved trip (68.5%), and one-third of transit riders transfer more than once before riding on a transit (e.g., driving → walking → transit). Results from the Importance-Satisfaction analysis highlight both traffic and crime safety concerns at transit stops and walking routes as a critical out-of-vehicle element most in need of improvement. A path analysis result confirms that out-of-vehicle environments—in particular, safety and transfer experience—influence customer satisfaction and loyalty more than in-vehicle and system-related factors do. This paper concludes with practical suggestions for multiple agencies (e.g., transit, transportation, and planning agencies), including urban design strategies, land use-transit integration, and multi-modal integration.
Keunhyun Park; Anna Farb; Shuolei Chen. First-/last-mile experience matters: The influence of the built environment on satisfaction and loyalty among public transit riders. Transport Policy 2021, 112, 32 -42.
AMA StyleKeunhyun Park, Anna Farb, Shuolei Chen. First-/last-mile experience matters: The influence of the built environment on satisfaction and loyalty among public transit riders. Transport Policy. 2021; 112 ():32-42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeunhyun Park; Anna Farb; Shuolei Chen. 2021. "First-/last-mile experience matters: The influence of the built environment on satisfaction and loyalty among public transit riders." Transport Policy 112, no. : 32-42.
Planners and planning scholars have debated the effects of public transit on changes in various employment outcomes. However, few studies have tried to understand how public transit affects employment changes in a community while accounting for housing costs at the same time. As an update to and methodological advance on early studies, this study aims to measure light rail transit (LRT) systems’ impacts on the change in labor participation and housing affordability. This study uses the decennial Census and 5-year American Community Survey (ACS) data at the block group level and conducts propensity score matching in 12 selected LRT systems across the U.S. opened between 2000 and 2010. By comparing growth rates of the average weeks worked and the median gross rent between treatment and control groups, the results show that an introduction of an LRT station increases the average weeks worked—a measure of labor participation—while not raising the median gross rent. Further analysis also shows that the increased average weeks worked after operation of LRT systems is a result of an increase in the percentage of full-time and year-round workers and a decrease in the proportion of part-time and part-year workers. Ultimately, the findings provide planners and policymakers with a better understanding of the effects of LRT systems on the economic stability of urban communities.
Keuntae Kim; Keunhyun Park; Arthur C. Nelson. Impacts of Light Rail Transit on Labor Participation and Housing Affordability in the U.S.: Longitudinal Analysis Using Propensity Score Matching. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleKeuntae Kim, Keunhyun Park, Arthur C. Nelson. Impacts of Light Rail Transit on Labor Participation and Housing Affordability in the U.S.: Longitudinal Analysis Using Propensity Score Matching. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeuntae Kim; Keunhyun Park; Arthur C. Nelson. 2021. "Impacts of Light Rail Transit on Labor Participation and Housing Affordability in the U.S.: Longitudinal Analysis Using Propensity Score Matching." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board , no. : 1.
Direct-demand models of pedestrian volumes (identifying relationships with built environment characteristics) require pedestrian data, typically from short-duration manual counts at a limited number of locations. We overcome these limitations using a novel source of pedestrian data: estimated pedestrian crossing volumes based on push-button event data recorded in traffic signal controller logs. These continuous data allow us to study more sites (1494 signalized intersections throughout Utah, US) over a much longer time period (one year) than in previous models, including the ability to detect variations across days-of-week and times-of-day. Specifically, we develop direct demand (log-linear regression) models that represent relationships between built environment variables (calculated at ¼- and ½-mile network buffers) and annual average daily and hourly pedestrian metrics. We control spatial autocorrelation through the use of spatial error models. All results confirm theorized relationships: There is more pedestrian activity at intersections with greater population and employment densities, a larger proportion of commercial and residential land uses, more connected street networks, more nearby services and amenities, and in lower-income neighborhoods with larger households. Notably, we also find relevant day-of-week and time-of-day differences. For example, schools attract pedestrian activity, but only on weekdays during daytime hours, and the coefficient for places of worship is higher in the weekend model. K-fold cross-validation results show the predictive power of our models. Results demonstrate the value of these novel pedestrian signal data for planning purposes and offer support for built environment interventions and land use policies to encourage walkable communities.
Patrick A. Singleton; Keunhyun Park; Doo Hong Lee. Varying influences of the built environment on daily and hourly pedestrian crossing volumes at signalized intersections estimated from traffic signal controller event data. Journal of Transport Geography 2021, 93, 103067 .
AMA StylePatrick A. Singleton, Keunhyun Park, Doo Hong Lee. Varying influences of the built environment on daily and hourly pedestrian crossing volumes at signalized intersections estimated from traffic signal controller event data. Journal of Transport Geography. 2021; 93 ():103067.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrick A. Singleton; Keunhyun Park; Doo Hong Lee. 2021. "Varying influences of the built environment on daily and hourly pedestrian crossing volumes at signalized intersections estimated from traffic signal controller event data." Journal of Transport Geography 93, no. : 103067.
Large parks—including regional parks, state parks, and national forests and parks—have particular health, social, and environmental benefits. Thus, promoting equal access to large parks is increasingly becoming a goal of environmental justice activists, planners, and policymakers. Disadvantaged populations (e.g., low-income people of color) have worse walking access to large parks than more privileged groups and might rely on public transportation to access such parks. But empirical studies on whether access to large parks via public transit is justly distributed are lacking. In this paper, we examine the relationship between a novel measure of public transit access to large parks (the T2P index) and neighborhood-level disadvantage (income, race/ethnicity, and age). Using network analysis with public transit feed data and park location data, we calculate the T2P index for every census block group in the 15 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the U.S. West. We find some evidence of environmental injustice. A spatial filtering model shows that T2P access increases when a neighborhood has a larger share of non-Hispanic Whites and a smaller share of older adults, but that median household income is not associated with T2P in the entire sample. We also find that some regions present significant environmental injustices in T2P whereas others have fewer to no injustices. Transit agencies and park planners could use our T2P index and findings to prioritize transit investment for disadvantaged populations and promote healthy living.
Keunhyun Park; Alessandro Rigolon; Dong-Ah Choi; Torrey Lyons; Simon Brewer. Transit to parks: An environmental justice study of transit access to large parks in the U.S. West. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2021, 60, 127055 .
AMA StyleKeunhyun Park, Alessandro Rigolon, Dong-Ah Choi, Torrey Lyons, Simon Brewer. Transit to parks: An environmental justice study of transit access to large parks in the U.S. West. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2021; 60 ():127055.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeunhyun Park; Alessandro Rigolon; Dong-Ah Choi; Torrey Lyons; Simon Brewer. 2021. "Transit to parks: An environmental justice study of transit access to large parks in the U.S. West." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 60, no. : 127055.
This paper describes a before-and-after case study of a protected intersection in Salt Lake City, Utah. The intersection was completed in late 2015 and represented one of the first examples of a protected intersection design in North America. We analyzed bird’s-eye view video data that was recorded before the intersection was implemented and compared it against video data recorded from the exact same location after implementation. In order to examine changes in intersection usage and behavior, we operationalized safety in terms of the frequency of nonoptimal behaviors demonstrated by active transportation modes. We found that active transportation usage of the intersection has increased since the new configuration, with most of that growth attributable to e-scooter users. There was minimal change in the rates of nonoptimal behaviors by pedestrians. Bicyclists showed mostly decreased rates of nonoptimal behaviors, suggesting improved safety for this mode. E-scooter users, however, demonstrated nonoptimal behaviors at very high rates as compared with other active modes. This case study gives evidence that a protected intersection can have positive effects on active transportation volume and safety in a U.S. context.
Torrey Lyons; Dong-Ah Choi; Keunhyun Park; S. Ameli. Safety and Nonoptimal Usage of a Protected Intersection for Bicycling and Walking: A Before-and-After Case Study in Salt Lake City, Utah. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9195 .
AMA StyleTorrey Lyons, Dong-Ah Choi, Keunhyun Park, S. Ameli. Safety and Nonoptimal Usage of a Protected Intersection for Bicycling and Walking: A Before-and-After Case Study in Salt Lake City, Utah. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorrey Lyons; Dong-Ah Choi; Keunhyun Park; S. Ameli. 2020. "Safety and Nonoptimal Usage of a Protected Intersection for Bicycling and Walking: A Before-and-After Case Study in Salt Lake City, Utah." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9195.
Different types of urban green spaces provide diverse benefits for human health and environmental sustainability, but most studies on access to green space focus on neighborhood parks, with less work on smaller or larger green spaces. In this study, we examined sociodemographic differences in access to green spaces of different sizes for 14,385 census block groups in 12 U.S. cities using a ‘just sustainabilities’ framework. We classified green spaces into street-level greenery (XS), neighborhood parks (S–L; walking and cycling access), and large parks (XL; walking, cycling, and driving access). We ran spatial filtering models at the census block group level using different thresholds based on transportation modes. We uncovered a complex picture of inequality, with consistent injustices for XS green space, and fewer injustices for S–L and XL green space based on socioeconomic status and age, and some instances of just distributions for S–L and XL green space based on race/ethnicity. Our findings present a concerning picture for ‘just sustainabilities’: the green space type that is most often part of sustainability and climate adaptation strategies—street greenery—is unjustly distributed, likely as a result of structural racism in U.S. institutions. By examining multimodal access to green spaces of different sizes, this study helps urban greening professionals develop more just and sustainable strategies.
Dong-Ah Choi; Keunhyun Park; Alessandro Rigolon. From XS to XL Urban Nature: Examining Access to Different Types of Green Space Using a ‘Just Sustainabilities’ Framework. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6998 .
AMA StyleDong-Ah Choi, Keunhyun Park, Alessandro Rigolon. From XS to XL Urban Nature: Examining Access to Different Types of Green Space Using a ‘Just Sustainabilities’ Framework. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6998.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong-Ah Choi; Keunhyun Park; Alessandro Rigolon. 2020. "From XS to XL Urban Nature: Examining Access to Different Types of Green Space Using a ‘Just Sustainabilities’ Framework." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6998.
In the context of rapid urbanization, parks are important assets for enhancing the quality of life in urban settings. They provide opportunities for outdoor physical activity, recreation, and therapeutic benefits. A growing number of park assessment studies are shifting their focus from spatial assessments such as availability, proximity, and accessibility, to nonspatial assessments such as park quality, park use, and park benefits. Consequently, arguments for developing methods of measuring these non-spatial dimensions of urban parks have emerged in the literature. The purpose of this study is to analyze and synthesize the different approaches used for assessing non-spatial dimensions of urban parks, including quality, use, and benefit, and draw implications for future urban landscape planning, design, and research. We explore the research purpose from the perspectives of how the existing protocols measure the non-spatial park dimensions, what limitations they have, and recommendations for future scholars to choose an existing protocol. The systematic study finds successive patterns and agreement with direct observation methods in the development of park quality protocols. We find protocols for park quality and use focus primarily on physical activity and do not measure non-spatial dimsneions ofurban parks and other uses such as social contact and relaxation. When compared to park quality and use, park benefit protocols are less developed and most are based on self-reported data, an opportunity for future research. For future scholars, study provides a list of recommended protocols for assessing park quality and use.
Shuolei Chen; Ole Sleipness; Yannan Xu; Keunhyun Park; Keith Christensen. A systematic review of alternative protocols for evaluating non-spatial dimensions of urban parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2020, 53, 126718 .
AMA StyleShuolei Chen, Ole Sleipness, Yannan Xu, Keunhyun Park, Keith Christensen. A systematic review of alternative protocols for evaluating non-spatial dimensions of urban parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2020; 53 ():126718.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShuolei Chen; Ole Sleipness; Yannan Xu; Keunhyun Park; Keith Christensen. 2020. "A systematic review of alternative protocols for evaluating non-spatial dimensions of urban parks." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 53, no. : 126718.
Behavior mapping is an effective tool for the direct observation of the interaction between people and places. However, current approaches have shortcomings that introduce location inaccuracies and hinder micro-context recording of observed activities. This study explores the applicability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in behavior mapping. First, we suggest a protocol for the use of UAVs in behavior mapping. Then, as a case study, we explore neighborhood park uses using the behavior maps and quantitative information collected from 30 neighborhood parks in Salt Lake County, UT, USA. Inter-rater reliability tests of identifying user attributes (e.g., gender, age group, activity level) and geocoding produced high Kappa statistics and location precision. The case study results show different park usage by sex, age groups, and activity types across different times. For example, we observed only a few seniors and more males than females, a gap that becomes larger among children and teenage groups. User density was higher in picnic areas and playgrounds and lower in lawns, baseball fields, and water features. This study demonstrates that UAV-based behavior maps can provide both quantitative and qualitative data. Summary statistics, along with digital maps, provide accurate patterns of park use. It also enables qualitative, design-focused explorations such as different people-place interaction patterns by user attributes and time. As a reliable and effective tool for behavior mapping, UAVs can support practitioners’ data-informed and responsive design and management efforts.
Keunhyun Park; Keith Christensen; Doohong Lee. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in behavior mapping: A case study of neighborhood parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2020, 52, 126693 .
AMA StyleKeunhyun Park, Keith Christensen, Doohong Lee. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in behavior mapping: A case study of neighborhood parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2020; 52 ():126693.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeunhyun Park; Keith Christensen; Doohong Lee. 2020. "Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in behavior mapping: A case study of neighborhood parks." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 52, no. : 126693.
Ride-sourcing services have made significant changes to the transportation system, essentially creating a new mode of transport, arguably with its own relative utility compared to the other standard modes. As ride-sourcing services have become more popular each year and their markets have grown, so have the publications related to the emergence of these services. One question that has not been addressed yet is how the built environment, the so-called D variables (i.e., density, diversity, design, distance to transit, and destination accessibility), affect demand for ride-sourcing services. By having unique access to Uber trip data in 24 diverse U.S. regions, we provide a robust data-driven understanding of how ride-sourcing demand is affected by the built environment, after controlling for socioeconomic factors. Our results show that Uber demand is positively correlated with total population and employment, activity density, land use mix or entropy, and transit stop density of a census block group. In contrast, Uber demand is negatively correlated with intersection density and destination accessibility (both by auto and transit) variables. This result might be attributed to the relative advantages of other modes – driving, taking transit, walking, or biking – in areas with denser street networks and better regional job access. The findings of this paper have important implications for policy, planning, and travel demand modeling, where decision-makers seek solutions to shape the built environment in order to reduce automobile dependence and promote walking, biking, and transit use.
Sadegh Sabouri; Keunhyun Park; Amy Smith; Guang Tian; Reid Ewing. Exploring the influence of built environment on Uber demand. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2020, 81, 102296 .
AMA StyleSadegh Sabouri, Keunhyun Park, Amy Smith, Guang Tian, Reid Ewing. Exploring the influence of built environment on Uber demand. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2020; 81 ():102296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSadegh Sabouri; Keunhyun Park; Amy Smith; Guang Tian; Reid Ewing. 2020. "Exploring the influence of built environment on Uber demand." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 81, no. : 102296.
Problem, research strategy, and findings: The monocentric development pattern in the Alonso–Mills–Muth model underpinned theoretical discussions of urban form in the 1960s and 1970s and truly dominated theory up to the point when Joel Garreau published Edge City: Life on the New Frontier in the early 1990s. Monocentric development patterns remain dominant to this day among smaller metropolitan areas in the United States. However, for larger metropolitan areas in the United States, regional transportation plans suggest a paradigm shift to a polycentric structure. We review 126 regional transportation plans in the United States and find that a hierarchy of centers connected by high-quality transit has become the dominant vision for most of them. The plan for Salt Lake City (UT), for example, strives for a multicentered region even though secondary centers are only beginning to emerge beyond a dominant downtown. Generally missing from regional transportation plans are quantitative criteria for designating and guiding centers: In no case are the quantitative criteria empirically based on proven transportation benefits. Here we investigate how the built environment characteristics of centers are associated with people’s travel mode choices and vehicle use. We employ visual and exploratory approaches through a generalized additive model (GAM) to identify nonlinear relationships between travel outcomes and “D” variables (density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit) within centers. The model and plots help us recommend the built environment characteristics of centers. Takeaway for practice: The built environment thresholds and relevant tools provided here can enable planners to make informed decisions about future growth patterns, set realistic—yet visionary—goals, and improve the overall health of its residents and communities. We provide strategies and tools that planning agencies, such as metropolitan planning organizations, transit agencies, and municipalities, can adopt to channel developments into centers.
Keunhyun Park; Reid Ewing; Sadegh Sabouri; Dong-Ah Choi; Shima Hamidi; Guang Tian. Guidelines for a Polycentric Region to Reduce Vehicle Use and Increase Walking and Transit Use. Journal of the American Planning Association 2020, 86, 236 -249.
AMA StyleKeunhyun Park, Reid Ewing, Sadegh Sabouri, Dong-Ah Choi, Shima Hamidi, Guang Tian. Guidelines for a Polycentric Region to Reduce Vehicle Use and Increase Walking and Transit Use. Journal of the American Planning Association. 2020; 86 (2):236-249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeunhyun Park; Reid Ewing; Sadegh Sabouri; Dong-Ah Choi; Shima Hamidi; Guang Tian. 2020. "Guidelines for a Polycentric Region to Reduce Vehicle Use and Increase Walking and Transit Use." Journal of the American Planning Association 86, no. 2: 236-249.
This study aims to improve a previously-developed methodology for predicting the traffic impacts of mixed-use developments (MXDs). In 31 diverse metropolitan regions across the United States, we collected consistent regional household travel survey data and computed built environment characteristics—D variables—of MXDs. Multilevel modeling (MLM) was employed to predict the probability of trips captured internally within MXDs, walking on internal trips, and travel mode choice on external trips, by trip purpose. Larger, denser, mixed-use, and more walkable MXDs show a larger share of trips internally, compared with conventional suburban developments. Those MXDs with good access to transit, employment, and destinations also show higher levels of walking, biking, and transit shares on external trips, thus helping to reduce traffic impacts on the external road network. Perhaps the most impressive finding is that well-designed MXDs have walk shares of more than 50 percent on internal trips. A k-fold cross-validation supports the robustness of our analyses.
Guang Tian; Keunhyun Park; Reid Ewing; Mackenzie Watten; Jerry Walters. Traffic generated by mixed-use developments—A follow-up 31-region study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019, 78, 102205 .
AMA StyleGuang Tian, Keunhyun Park, Reid Ewing, Mackenzie Watten, Jerry Walters. Traffic generated by mixed-use developments—A follow-up 31-region study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2019; 78 ():102205.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuang Tian; Keunhyun Park; Reid Ewing; Mackenzie Watten; Jerry Walters. 2019. "Traffic generated by mixed-use developments—A follow-up 31-region study." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 78, no. : 102205.
Conventional four-step travel demand models, used by most metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), state departments of transportation, and local planning agencies, are the basis for long-range transportation planning in the United States. Trip distribution—whether the trip is intrazonal (internal) or interzonal (external)—is one of the essential steps in travel demand forecasting. However, the current intrazonal forecasts based on a gravity model involve flawed assumptions, primarily due to a lack of considerations on differences in zone size, land use, and street network patterns. In this study, we first survey 25 MPOs about how they model intrazonal travel and find the state of the practice to be dominated by the gravity model. Using travel data from 31 diverse regions in the U.S., we develop an approach to enhance the conventional model by including more built environment D variables and by using multilevel logistic regression. The models’ predictive capability is confirmed using k-fold cross-validation. The study results provide practical implications for state and local planning and transportation agencies with better accuracy and generalizability.
Keunhyun Park; Sadegh Sabouri; Torrey Lyons; Guang Tian; Reid Ewing. Intrazonal or interzonal? Improving intrazonal travel forecast in a four-step travel demand model. Transportation 2019, 1 -22.
AMA StyleKeunhyun Park, Sadegh Sabouri, Torrey Lyons, Guang Tian, Reid Ewing. Intrazonal or interzonal? Improving intrazonal travel forecast in a four-step travel demand model. Transportation. 2019; ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeunhyun Park; Sadegh Sabouri; Torrey Lyons; Guang Tian; Reid Ewing. 2019. "Intrazonal or interzonal? Improving intrazonal travel forecast in a four-step travel demand model." Transportation , no. : 1-22.
As the world becomes more urbanized, neighborhood parks are becoming an increasingly important venue where people engage in physical and social activities. Using park-use data collected by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the aim of this study is to account for park use in light of park attributes and neighborhood conditions. The role of the built environment near a park receives particular attention as it is understudied in the literature. A regression model shows that neighborhood park utilization is positively associated with park attributes (i.e., larger area, a playground, a creek/pond, quality maintenance, and organized activities) and neighborhood attributes (i.e., fewer minority/low-income population, higher density, more commercial and public uses, and a well-connected street network). The statistical significance of these factors varies by user types. This study provides insights into the role of neighborhood compactness and mixed land use, which calls for interdisciplinary collaboration among urban planners/designers, landscape architects, and park programmers.
Keunhyun Park. Park and Neighborhood Attributes Associated With Park Use: An Observational Study Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Environment and Behavior 2019, 52, 518 -543.
AMA StyleKeunhyun Park. Park and Neighborhood Attributes Associated With Park Use: An Observational Study Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Environment and Behavior. 2019; 52 (5):518-543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeunhyun Park. 2019. "Park and Neighborhood Attributes Associated With Park Use: An Observational Study Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Environment and Behavior 52, no. 5: 518-543.
Emerging research suggests that planners and policy makers should explore the expanded role Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) plays in promoting innovation and economic growth. TOD station characteristics including accessibility, walkability, density, and mixed uses may create environments beneficial for creative and knowledge industries. However, the evidence linking place to productivity, as measured by firm sales volume is lacking. Using cluster analysis and Propensity Score Matching for national-level data, this research tests these relationships. Findings indicate that firms located in dense, mixed use, and walkable TODs with higher levels of activity experience increased sales. Hence, TOD and knowledge-based economic development strategies should be planned in tandem to maximize outcomes.
Ahoura Zandiatashbar; Shima Hamidi; Nicole Foster; Keunhyun Park. The Missing Link between Place and Productivity? The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on the Knowledge and Creative Economy. Journal of Planning Education and Research 2019, 39, 429 -441.
AMA StyleAhoura Zandiatashbar, Shima Hamidi, Nicole Foster, Keunhyun Park. The Missing Link between Place and Productivity? The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on the Knowledge and Creative Economy. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 2019; 39 (4):429-441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhoura Zandiatashbar; Shima Hamidi; Nicole Foster; Keunhyun Park. 2019. "The Missing Link between Place and Productivity? The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on the Knowledge and Creative Economy." Journal of Planning Education and Research 39, no. 4: 429-441.
Urban design literature says that public open space in a station area could promote walking and other types of physical activity, enhance place attractiveness, and increase property values. In the context of station areas, however, there is a lack of empirical studies on the relationship between the presence of parks and sustainable travel behavior, which is one of the primary goals of transit-oriented developments (TODs). This study examined the impact of park provision on transit users’ mode choice in three U.S. regions: Atlanta (GA), Boston (MA), and Portland (OR). This study utilized multilevel multinomial logistic regression to account for hierarchical data structures—trips nested within station areas—and multiple travel modes—automobiles, transit, and walking. After controlling for the built environment and trip attributes, this study showed that when there was a park, people were more likely to walk or take transit to access or egress a transit station. A transit station having a park nearby may provide a more pleasant first-mile/last-mile travel experience. This paper demonstrated that station areas need to incorporate more public space, an overlooked element in current TOD plans.
Keunhyun Park; Dong-Ah Choi; Guang Tian; Reid Ewing. Not Parking Lots but Parks: A Joint Association of Parks and Transit Stations with Travel Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 547 .
AMA StyleKeunhyun Park, Dong-Ah Choi, Guang Tian, Reid Ewing. Not Parking Lots but Parks: A Joint Association of Parks and Transit Stations with Travel Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (4):547.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeunhyun Park; Dong-Ah Choi; Guang Tian; Reid Ewing. 2019. "Not Parking Lots but Parks: A Joint Association of Parks and Transit Stations with Travel Behavior." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4: 547.
The planning literature has taken a recent interest in journal article citation counts, which are often used to measure the scholarly impact of articles, authors, or university departments. However, little is known about the factors that determine citation counts for planning-related articles. We find that citation counts in planning vary across planning topics and are also influenced by other journal, author, and article-related factors. We provide recommendations to planning researchers for increasing the impact of their research, and advise consumers of citation counts in planning to consider making particular adjustments to the counts to make them more meaningful.
Mark R. Stevens; Keunhyun Park; Guang Tian; Keuntae Kim; Reid Ewing. Why Do Some Articles in Planning Journals Get Cited More than Others? Journal of Planning Education and Research 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleMark R. Stevens, Keunhyun Park, Guang Tian, Keuntae Kim, Reid Ewing. Why Do Some Articles in Planning Journals Get Cited More than Others? Journal of Planning Education and Research. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark R. Stevens; Keunhyun Park; Guang Tian; Keuntae Kim; Reid Ewing. 2019. "Why Do Some Articles in Planning Journals Get Cited More than Others?" Journal of Planning Education and Research , no. : 1.
The subjects of this comparative case study are Orenco Station, a transit-oriented development (TOD) in the Portland region, and Station Park, a transit-adjacent development (TAD) in Salt Lake City region. The peak parking demand at Orenco Station is less than one half the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) suburban parking supply guideline. Also, vehicle trip generation rates are about half what is suggested in the ITE guidelines. Vehicle trip generation rates at Station Park show a smaller reduction but still substantial due to the mixed-use nature of Station Park. Parking generation rates are also lower than the ITE guidelines. In terms of metrics often associated with transportation performance, the large-scale TOD dramatically outperforms the large-scale TAD. The adjacent rail station appears to have little effect on the performance of the TAD, but a substantial effect on the performance of the TOD.
Reid Ewing; Guang Tian; Keunhyun Park; Sadegh Sabouri; Preston Stinger; David Proffitt. Comparative case studies: trip and parking generation at Orenco Station TOD, Portland Region and Station Park TAD, Salt Lake City Region. Cities 2018, 87, 48 -59.
AMA StyleReid Ewing, Guang Tian, Keunhyun Park, Sadegh Sabouri, Preston Stinger, David Proffitt. Comparative case studies: trip and parking generation at Orenco Station TOD, Portland Region and Station Park TAD, Salt Lake City Region. Cities. 2018; 87 ():48-59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleReid Ewing; Guang Tian; Keunhyun Park; Sadegh Sabouri; Preston Stinger; David Proffitt. 2018. "Comparative case studies: trip and parking generation at Orenco Station TOD, Portland Region and Station Park TAD, Salt Lake City Region." Cities 87, no. : 48-59.
Urban planners and designers believe that the built environment at various geographic scales affects pedestrian activity, but have limited empirical evidence at the street scale, to support their claims. We are just beginning to identify and measure the qualities that generate active street life, and this paper builds on the first few studies to do so. This study measures street design qualities and surrounding urban form variables for 881 block faces in Salt Lake County, Utah, and relates them to pedestrian counts. This is the largest such study to date and includes suburbs as well as cities. At the neighborhood scale, we find that D variables – development density, accessibility to destinations, and distance to transit – are significantly associated with the pedestrian activity. At the street scale, we find significant positive relationships between three urban design qualities – imageability, human scale, and complexity – and pedestrian counts, after controlling for neighborhood-scale variables. Finally, we find that pedestrian counts are positively associated with seven of twenty streetscape features – historic buildings, outdoor dining, buildings with identifiers, less sky view, street furniture, active uses, and accent building colors. This study provides implications for streetscape projects that aim to create walkable places in typical auto-oriented, medium-sized cities.
Keunhyun Park; Reid Ewing; Sadegh Sabouri; Jon Larsen. Street life and the built environment in an auto-oriented US region. Cities 2018, 88, 243 -251.
AMA StyleKeunhyun Park, Reid Ewing, Sadegh Sabouri, Jon Larsen. Street life and the built environment in an auto-oriented US region. Cities. 2018; 88 ():243-251.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeunhyun Park; Reid Ewing; Sadegh Sabouri; Jon Larsen. 2018. "Street life and the built environment in an auto-oriented US region." Cities 88, no. : 243-251.
The monitoring of pedestrian activity is challenging, primarily because its traffic levels are typically lower and more variable than those of motorized vehicles. Compared with other on-the-ground observation tools, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) could be suitable for counting and mapping pedestrians in a reliable and efficient way. Thus, this study establishes and tests a new method of pedestrian observation using UAVs. The results show that UAV observations demonstrate high levels of interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99) and equivalence reliability (Cronbach’s α = .97 with on-the-ground counts and .73 with Google Street View). Practical implications of the new tool are discussed.
Keunhyun Park; Reid Ewing. The Usability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Pedestrian Observation. Journal of Planning Education and Research 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleKeunhyun Park, Reid Ewing. The Usability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Pedestrian Observation. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeunhyun Park; Reid Ewing. 2018. "The Usability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Pedestrian Observation." Journal of Planning Education and Research , no. : 1.
Guidelines for trip and parking generation in the United States come mainly from the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). However, their trip and parking manuals focus on suburban locations with limited transit and pedestrian access. This study aims to determine how many fewer vehicle trips are generated and how much less parking demand is generated, by different housing types (single-family attached, single-family detached, and apartment and condo) and in different settings (from low density suburban environments to compact, mixed-use urban environments). Using household travel survey data from 30 diverse regions of the United States, we estimate a multilevel negative binomial model of vehicle trip generation and a multilevel Poisson model of vehicle ownership, vehicle trip generation and vehicle ownership being logically modelled as count variables. The models have the expected signs on their coefficients and have respectable explanatory power. Vehicle trip generation and vehicle ownership (and hence parking demand) decrease with the compactness of neighbourhood development, measured with a principal component that depends on activity density, land use diversity, percentage of four-way intersections, transit stop density and employment accessibility (after controlling for sociodemographic variables). The models capture the phenomena of ‘trip degeneration’ and ‘car shedding’ as development patterns become more compact. Reducing the number of required parking spaces, and vehicle trips for which mitigation is required, creates the potential for significant savings when developing urban projects. Guidelines are provided for using study results in transportation planning.
Guang Tian; Keunhyun Park; Reid Ewing. Trip and parking generation rates for different housing types: Effects of compact development. Urban Studies 2018, 56, 1554 -1575.
AMA StyleGuang Tian, Keunhyun Park, Reid Ewing. Trip and parking generation rates for different housing types: Effects of compact development. Urban Studies. 2018; 56 (8):1554-1575.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuang Tian; Keunhyun Park; Reid Ewing. 2018. "Trip and parking generation rates for different housing types: Effects of compact development." Urban Studies 56, no. 8: 1554-1575.