Herein, we describe a novel approach for the rapid diagnosis of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells with a detection limit of 100 cells mL⁻¹.

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are used for cancer and infectious diseases, albeit with limited efficacy. Modulating the formation of DC–T‐cell synapses may greatly increase their efficacy. The effects of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets on DCs and DC–T‐cell synapse formation are evaluated. In particular, size‐dependent interactions are observed between GO nanosheets and DCs. GOs with diameters of >1 µm (L‐GOs) demonstrate strong adherence to the DC surface, inducing cytoskeletal reorganization via the RhoA‐ROCK‐MLC pathway, while relatively small GOs (≈500 nm) are predominantly internalized by DCs. Furthermore, L‐GO treatment enhances DC–T‐cell synapse formation via cytoskeleton‐dependent membrane positioning of integrin ICAM‐1. L‐GO acts as a “nanozipper,” facilitating the aggregation of DC–T‐cell clusters to produce a stable microenvironment for T cell activation. Importantly, L‐GO‐adjuvanted DCs promote robust cytotoxic T cell immune responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 spike 1, leading to >99.7% viral RNA clearance in mice infected with a clinically isolated SARS‐CoV‐2 strain. These findings highlight the potential value of nanomaterials as DC vaccine adjuvants for modulating DC–T‐cell synapse formation and provide a basis for the development of effective COVID‐19 vaccines.

In recent decades, nanomaterials have been widely used in the field of biomedicine due to their unique physical and chemical properties, and have shown good prospects for in vitro diagnosis, drug delivery, and imaging. With regard to transporting nanoparticles (NPs) to target tissues or organs in the body intravenously or otherwise, blood is the first tissue that NPs come into contact with and is also considered an important gateway for targeted transport. Erythrocytes are the most numerous cells in the blood, but previous studies based on interactions between erythrocytes and NPs mostly focused on the use of erythrocytes as drug carriers for nanomedicine which were chemically bound or physically adsorbed by NPs, so little is known about the effects of nanoparticles on the morphology, structure, function, and circulation time of erythrocytes in the body. Herein, this review focuses on the mechanisms by which nanoparticles affect the structure and function of erythrocyte membranes, involving the hemocompatibility of NPs, the way that NPs interact with erythrocyte membranes, effects of NPs on erythrocyte surface membrane proteins and their structural morphology and the effect of NPs on erythrocyte lifespan and function. The detailed analysis in this review is expected to shed light on the more advanced biocompatibility of nanomaterials and pave the way for the development of new nanodrugs.