Holothuria tubulosa is one of the most common sea cucumber species inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea. Due to its commercial interest for the international market, it has been harvested without proper management causing the overexploitation of its stocks. Inadequate management is also caused by lack of information on basic biology and ecology not allowing the estimating of the species vulnerability and resilience to growing anthropogenic pressures. In this paper, we have investigated basic life-history traits of H. tubulosa (population structure and reproductive cycle) in a population of Central-Western Mediterranean (Sardinia, Italy). A macroscopic maturity scale for both sexes was defined through an instrumental colorimetric analysis of the gonads and the ramification level of the gonad’s tubules, subsequently confirmed by histological analysis. The seasonal trend of the Gonado-Somatic Index, the changes in color of the gonads and tubules ramification indicated that the spawning period of H. tubulosa was concentrated in summer with a peak in late August, closely related to the increase in water temperature. A synchronous development of the gonads, with a unique and short reproductive event during the year, was also detected. In conclusion, this study provides new evidence on the biological and ecological features of H. tubulosa, essential data for developing a scientifically-based stock assessment as well as conservative management at a local scale. Finally, we provided basic information for the domestication of broodstock in a conservative hatchery.

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Bottarga is a high-priced delicacy with high nutritional value, and, in Italy, bottarga from mullets has been recognized to be a traditional food product. The flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus and the thinlip grey mullet Liza ramada are the main cultured grey mullets in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, fresh roe and bottarga from these two species were investigated to evaluate the influence of the technological process and the species on their biochemical composition and health advantages. The 1 h/200 g salting-out step did not increase the levels of NaCl in the bottarga, although it highly decreased the levels of some heavy metals like Cu and Al. Processing of fresh roe in bottarga led to an essential modification of the lipid fraction, following a general series of monousatturated fatty acid (MUFA)> poliunsutturated fatti acid (PUFA) > saturated fatty acid (SAFA) and an increase in both ω3 and ω6 in Liza ramada. Moreover, bottarga showed higher levels of squalene and cholesterol and an increased Essential Amino Acid/Total Amino Acid ratio (EAA/TAA) in both species. In addition to the nutritional benefits for the consumer, the process proposed in this study may represent a reliable tool for local producers to obtain a final bottarga with both a reproducible biochemical composition and organoleptic characteristics.

Sea urchins rely on chemical senses to localize suitable food resources, therefore representing model species for chemosensory studies. In the present study, we investigated the chemical sensitivity of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus to the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, namely “Klamath”, and to a few amino acids chosen from the biochemical composition of the same algae. To this end, we used the “urchinogram” method, which estimates the movement rate of the sea urchins in response to chemicals. Our results showed that Klamath represents a strong chemical stimulus for P. lividus as it elicits an overall movement of spines, pedicellariae, and tube feet coupled, in some cases, to a coordinated locomotion of the animals. Sea urchins also displayed a sensitivity, even if to a lesser extent, to leucine, threonine, arginine, and proline, thus implying that the amino acids contained in Klamath may account, at least in part, for the stimulating effects exerted by the whole algae. Additionally, our results show that Klamath, as well as spirulina, another blue-green alga with high nutritional value, is very attractive for this sea urchin species. These findings gain further importance considering the potential profit of echinoderms for commercial consumers and their growing role in aquaculture. Klamath and spirulina combine high nutritional profiles with attractive and stimulating abilities and may be considered potential valuable feed supplements in sea urchin aquaculture.

The demand for sustainable and high-nutritional food sources is forcing the industrial sector to find alternatives to animal proteins. Microalgae and macroalgae showed remarkable protein and bioactive compound content, offering a promising solution for the food industry. However, the high production cost represents the main concern related to microalgae development. Thus, strategies that can reduce production costs, preserve the environment, and improve the nutritional characteristics of microalgae are required. Exploiting water from dismissed mines could lead to energy savings in production by opening new industrial opportunities to produce microalgae. Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) can be grown in open ponds and photobioreactors; the composition of the growth medium and the light radiation could affect its biochemical composition. This work investigated the influence of mine water with the addition of Zarrouk growth medium on the biochemical composition of the final dried Spirulina. The trials were performed in vertical tubular photobioreactors (PBRs) exposed to the same light radiance. Samples were compared with standard growing conditions using distilled water with the addition of Zarrouk medium. Spirulina strains showed good tolerance to medium/high concentrations of Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and nitrogen in mine water. The experiment lasted 12 days, showing significant differences in protein, lipids, and carbohydrates between trials. Spirulina grown in mine water showed higher protein levels, 52.64 ± 2.51 g·100 g⁻¹ dry weight. On the other hand, Spirulina grown in distilled water had higher lipids and carbohydrate levels, accounting for 9.22 ± 1.01 and 31.72 ± 1.57 g·100 g⁻¹ dry weight. At the end of the experiment, both trials showed similar growth and pigment concentration. The availability of a high amount of mine water at no cost and at the ideal temperature for Spirulina cultivation increases environmental sustainability and reduces production costs. The results in terms of biomass were comparable to those of standard cultivation, whereas proteins showed higher values. Moreover, coupling renewable energy sources can further reduce production costs, with promising industrial and market developments.