Obesity is a chronic, low degree systemic inflammatory status. Microarray examination shows a disturbance in the expression of cytokine, chemokine, complementary protein and half of the other acute phase components in obese patients. Adiponectin is the hormone that increases insulin sensitivity, while its level decreases under condition of fatty tissue enlargement that occurs in obesity. Excessive weight causes the adipocyte cells and adipose tissues produce various types of mediators. The inflammatory process is the main cause of metabolic diseases, and the main role of adipose tissue in the inflammatory process is determined by the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and anti-inflammatory mediators. Adiponectin has an important anti-inflammatory effect on obesity. Adiponectin has an important anti-inflammatory effect on obesity. Adiponectin works on macrophage and monocyte to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine and increase the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonists. Adiponectin reduces induction of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 endothelial adhesion by TNF-α or resistin. In obese patients, it is characterized by resistance to adiponectin alongside a decrease and the possibility of adiponectin loss in the receptor population in liver and muscles, leading to low adiponectin level.Keywords: adiponectin, obesity, inflammation

Purpose: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has significantly increased, with 537 million individuals living with diabetes in 2021. Curcumin, a natural compound present in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that aid in controlling diabetes. Curcumin can lower blood glucose levels, increase pancreatic cell function, and reduce insulin resistance. The pathophysiology of diabetes involves oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which can lead to cell death. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of curcumin in rats by administering it for a month and evaluating pancreatic tissue histology. Patients and Methods: STZ-induced diabetic rats were fed a high-fat diet containing glibenclamide, 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) curcumin, 400 mg/kg BW curcumin, or a placebo for 4 weeks. After intervention, blood glucose levels were measured, and the pancreatic tissue was examined. Blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Results: One-way ANOVA was performed to measure the mean difference among the groups at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of observation, which reported a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). The blood glucose levels decreased after 4 h in the group receiving curcumin. Histological evaluation of the pancreas showed slight hydropic degeneration after 4 weeks of curcumin treatment. Conclusion: Our study indicates that curcumin has a beneficial effect in diabetic rats by reducing blood glucose levels and a protective effect on the pancreas.

Objective: The aim of this study was to see the effectiveness of brown manila extract in inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi Thy1 bacteria inperitoneal fluid male mice strain BALB/c.Methods: We use manila extract which has been obtained from the extraction of the maceration method and uses the plate count agar (PCA) methodto calculate the number of colonies after conducting bacterial culture before and after the intervention.Results: The results obtained were a significant decrease of bacterial colonies after administration of manila extract 510 mg/kgBW value p=0.009 andextract of brown manila 750 mg/kgBB value p=0.007.Conclusion: Giving extract of mano manila 510 mg/kgBB and 750 mg/kgBB has effectiveness in suppressing the growth of S. typhi Thy1.

Background/Objectives: This review aims to provide a detailed understanding of the current evidence on Alpinia officinarum Hance (A. officinarum) and its potential therapeutic role in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. CNS disorders encompass a wide range of disorders affecting the brain and spinal cord, leading to various neurological, cognitive and psychiatric impairments. In recent years, natural products have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of CNS disorders due to their outstanding bioactivity and favourable safety profile. One such plant is A. officinarum, also known as lesser galangal, a perennial herb from the Zingiberaceae family. Its phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids and phenols have been documented to have a powerful antioxidants effect, capable of scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage. Methods: In this review, we critically evaluate the in vitro and in vivo studies and examine the mechanisms by which A. officinarum exerts its neuroprotective effect. Results: Several studies have confirmed that A. officinarum exerts its neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, promoting neurite outgrowth, and modulating neurotransmitter levels and signalling pathways. Conclusions: Although previous studies have shown promising results in various models of neurological disorders, the underlying mechanisms of A. officinarum in Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are still poorly understood. Further studies on brain tissue and cognitive and motor functions in animal models of AD and PD are needed to validate the results observed in in vitro studies. In addition, further clinical studies are needed to confirm the safety and efficacy of A. officinarum in CNS disorders.

The Role of IL-6, TNF-α, and VDR in Inhibiting the Growth of Study

Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and its prevalence continues to increase at an alarming rate. It is considered a major risk factor for the development of several comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, stroke, other cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. Conventional treatments for obesity, such as dietary interventions, exercise and pharmacotherapy, have proven to have limited effectiveness and are often associated with undesirable side effects. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative therapeutic approaches. Nigella sativa (NS), a medicinal plant with multiple pharmacological properties, has gained attention due to its potential role in the treatment of obesity and its associated complications. The aim of this review is therefore to assess the effects of NS on obesity and its complications and to provide insights into the underlying mechanisms. From this review, NS appears to play a complementary or supportive role in the treatment of obesity and its complications. However, future studies are needed to verify the efficacy of NS in the treatment of obesity and its complications and to prove its safety so that it can be introduced in patients with obesity.