Background of the Study: The prevailing cause of Diabetes is a decline in insulin production, the outcome of which is an elevated glucose level in the blood. The superabundance of glucose in the blood can cause severe complications, damaging other body organs, including kidneys, nerves, heart, and upper and lower limbs. However, the common complication in diabetic patients is foot ulcer, which is directly associated with Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), which is the extensive cause of this. DPN is the inability of nerves to sense any external change, due to which the foot plantar pressure is altered and evolves because of the high glucose level. Methodology: This paper provides a solution in the form of a portable and cost-effective device based on force sensors for diabetic patients to monitor the change in foot plantar pressure at home and overcome the risk of foot ulceration. The device is implemented on 30 participants to characterize the plantar pressure values with flat foot and normal foot types for the Control group and diabetic group. Results: An evident difference in the value of Mid-foot pressure is observed for both the groups, Control group (Normal foot = 144+2.63 kPa, Flat foot = 150+2.72 kPa) and Diabetic Group (Normal foot = 213+2 kPa, Flat foot = 216+1 kPa). Deviation in these values discriminates the mid-foot pressure for the two groups, thus providing us a range for the individuals of the control group for the alarming situation. Conclusion: Noticing the plantar pressure through the proposed device helps diabetes patients reduce their risk. Keywords: Blood glucose, type 1 diabetes mellitus, flat foot, metatarsal, foot orthosis, diabetic neuropathy, foot ulcers.

The biopharmaceutical industry seeks to look for advanced analytical techniques to improve the quality of medicinal products. RP-UHPLC, or reverse phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, is a powerful tool for the precise detection of biological compounds. The objective of the study was to develop a precise and sensitive RP-UHPLC method for peptide mapping of semaglutide that resembles a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. The method development phase involved the optimisation of fundamental parameters, including incubation time, column temperature, and enzyme volume to achieve reliable and precise peptide separation. The chromatographic setup comprised of Waters XBridge C18 ODS column. The RP-UHPLC method was established using a 1 mg/mL stock solution of Semaglutide. The results revealed that the optimal conditions established were 6 hours of incubation time with column temperature at 37°C and 20μL of Glu-C endopeptidase. Peptide mapping results demonstrate remarkable results with high accuracy of peak separation and retention time for six specific Semaglutide peptides. This robust analytical approach suggests valuable insights for the characterization of therapeutics in pharmaceutical formulations. Moreover, the potential applicability of this method for analyzing other therapeutic proteins reflects its importance in advancing the pharmaceutical research and development sector.

Statistical approaches have been established for optimizing fermentation practices and because of encouraging outcomes of these methods, several industries are harmonising in using them for maximum productivity of biological metabolites. Statistical methods are feasible and reliable in performing experiments and analysing results as compared to conventional bioprocessing methodologies. Similarly, strain improvement is also a significant strategy. In the current study, combinatorial approach that involves combining of classical mutagenesis and statistical optimization is attempted to scale-up productivity levels of dextransucrase. Enzyme productivity increased 2.56-fold as compared to wild-type. Plackett-Burman design revealed fermentation temperature, sucrose and peptone concentrations as significant factors. Response surface methodology further enhanced enzyme yield from 29.2 DSU ml⁻¹ to 96.9 DSU ml⁻¹. Overall results revealed remarkable improvement in dextransucrase yield (8.5-fold) depicting significance of currently designed combinatorial approaches. Dextran was produced after this statistically proven approach and based on its structural features its diversified applications are suggested. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Natural sources of antimicrobial agents have gained attention as antibiotic resistance continues to threaten global health. Coconut husk, a renewable agro-industrial byproduct rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, demonstrates antimicrobial properties. This study evaluates coconut husk extracts prepared with ethanol, methanol, and water solvents for antimicrobial activity against four food borne pathogens including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi. The ethanol extract showed significant antimicrobial activity, particularly at 48 hours, producing the largest inhibition zones (up to 29 mm for P. aeruginosa), due to its ability to extract a broader range of bioactive compounds. Methanol and water extracts showed moderate activity but were less effective compared to ethanol. Structural changes observed in microbial cell membranes after coconut husk extraction were confirmed by SEM, which indicated disruption of cellular integrity as mode of action of the antimicrobial activity. Active compounds present in phytochemical analysis confirmed to be alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolics. The antimicrobial activity of coconut husk extracts indicating their potential to use in food preservation reducing pathogen load and extending shelf life.

Exploration of biodiversity led towards the development of commercially important biological metabolites. This study focus on the molecular characterization of dextransucrase biosynthezing lactic acid bacterial strain, L. mesenteroides KIBGE-IB40. Fermentation system was designed to optimize the crucial production parameters of the biosynthesis of dextransucrase by L. mesenteroides. Data acquired from the experimental analysis revealed a significant increase of about 1.69-fold in enzyme titer from 67.13 DSU/ml to 114.04 DSU/ml. The optimum fermentation conditions were found to be fermentation time, 18 hours; fermentation temperature, 25°C; fermentation pH, 7.5. Structural analysis of purified dextran was performed. The morphological analysis of dextran by SEM revealed a porous structure of the polysaccharide. FTIR analysis demonstrates the functional group analysis of the polymer. The significant increase in dextransucrase yield demonstrates the crucial impact of fermentation conditions on the metabolic properties of microbial cells. The obtained results demonstrate a practical approach for the commercial application of L. mesenteroides KIBGE-IB40 dextransucrase in food and other industrial sectors.