At present, there are problems such as low fault data, insufficient labeling information, and poor fault diagnosis in the field of ship engine diagnosis. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method based on probabilistic similarity and rank-order similarity of multi-head graph attention neural networks (MPGANN) models. Firstly, the ship engine dataset is used to explore the similarity between the data using the probabilistic similarity of T_SNE and the rank order similarity of Spearman’s correlation coefficient to define the neighbor relationship between the samples, and then the appropriate weights are selected for the early fusion of the two graph structures to fuse the feature information of the two scales. Finally, the graph attention neural networks (GANN) incorporating the multi-head attention mechanism are utilized to complete the fault diagnosis. In this paper, comparative experiments such as graph construction and algorithm performance are carried out based on the simulated ship engine dataset, and the experimental results show that the MPGANN outperforms the comparative methods in terms of accuracy, F1 score, and total elapsed time, with an accuracy rate of 97.58%. The experimental results show that the model proposed in this paper can still fulfill the ship engine fault diagnosis task well under unfavorable conditions such as small samples and insufficient label information, which is of practical significance in the field of intelligent ship cabins and fault diagnosis.

Deep network fault diagnosis requires a lot of labeled data and assumes identical data distributions for training and testing. In industry, varying equipment conditions lead to different data distributions, making it challenging to maintain consistent fault diagnosis performance across conditions. To this end, this paper designs a transfer learning model named the multi-adversarial joint distribution adaptation network (MAJDAN) to achieve effective fault diagnosis across operating conditions. MAJDAN uses a one-dimensional lightweight convolutional neural network (1DLCNN) to directly extract features from the original bearing vibration signal. Combining the distance-based domain-adaptive method, maximum mean difference (MMD), with the multi-adversarial network will simultaneously reduce the conditional and marginal distribution differences between the domains. As a result, MAJDAN can efficiently acquire domain-invariant feature information, addressing the challenge of cross-domain bearing fault diagnosis. The effectiveness of the model was verified based on two sets of different bearing vibration signals, and one-to-one and one-to-many working condition migration task experiments were carried out. Simultaneously, various levels of noise were introduced to the signal to enable analysis and comparison. The findings demonstrate that the suggested approach achieves exceptional diagnostic accuracy and exhibits robustness.