Cancer is a leading cause of high death rate worldwide. One strategy to control the disease is the early diagnosis by novel biomarkers that express during early stage of the disease. The recent diagnostic strategies in cancer don’t have enough specificity to promote the detection of cancer at its beginning. Many biomarkers like protein biomarkers and metabolites are being used for diagnosis of various cancer types but miRNAs are excellent among them, because they have distinctive biochemical characteristics. Moreover, to raise the precision and capability of miRNA to diagnose cancer, the analyzing of both miRNAs and as well as selective mRNA will help in creating a more complete categorizer. Virus constitutes the cause of 20% of entire human cancer cases and both RNA and DNA viruses are linked with tumors in both animal and man. Even though many viruses can cause different tumors in animals, only some of them are linked with human cancers and are presently regarded as oncogenic viruses. These viruses include Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8), Human T cell Leukemia Virus (HTLV) and Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV). Expression data of miRNA in several cancers reveal that miRNA profile is different in cancer cells as compared to normal cells. So, miRNA could be useful biomarker for the detection of cancer. The present study strengthens a foundation and gives a logic to investigate the ability of miRNAs as circulating biomarkers in various cancers.

Influenza B virus (IBV) significantly impacts the health and the economy of the global population. WHO global health estimates project 1 billion flu cases annually, with 3 to 5 million resulting in severe disease and 0.3 to 0.5 million influenza-related deaths worldwide. Influenza B virus epidemics result in significant economic losses due to healthcare expenses, reduced workforce productivity, and strain on healthcare systems. Influenza B virus epidemics, such as the 1987–1988 Yamagata lineage outbreak and the 2001–2002 Victoria lineage outbreak, had a significant global impact. IBV’s fast mutation and replication rates facilitate rapid adaptation to the environment, enabling the evasion of existing immunity and the development of resistance to virus-targeting treatments. This leads to annual outbreaks and necessitates the development of new vaccination formulations. This review aims to elucidate IBV’s evolutionary genomic organization and life cycle and provide an overview of anti-IBV drugs, resistance, treatment options, and prospects for IBV biology, emphasizing challenges in preventing and treating IBV infection.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) adopts several tumor immune escape mechanisms; therefore, it has the potential to be targeted by immunotherapy. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme that has been observed to be overexpressed in HCC patients with poor prognoses. Bridging integrator 1 (Bin1) loss promotes immune escape in cancer by deregulating IDO. Our aim is to investigate IDO expression along with Bin1 expression to find evidence of immunosuppression in HCC patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, we investigated IDO and Bin1 expression in HCC tissue specimens and the correlation of IDO and Bin1 expression with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of HCC patients (n=45). Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to analyze the expression of IDO and Bin1. Results: IDO was overexpressed in 38 (84.4%) out of 45 HCC tissue specimens. In addition, tumor size was significantly increased with an increase in the IDO expression (P=0.03). Low Bin1 expression was observed in 27(60%) HCC tissue specimens, whereas the remaining 18(40%) showed high Bin1 expression. Conclusion: Our data showed that expression of IDO along with Bin1 expression could be investigated for clinical evaluation in HCC. IDO might be used as an immunotherapeutic target for HCC. Therefore, further studies in larger patient cohorts are warranted.