The use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is proposed to solve the technical problem of poor sensor stability in the long-term safety monitoring of shaft lining structures. The auxiliary shaft of the Zhuxianzhuang coal mine was considered as the engineering background, and a test system implementing FBG sensors was established to monitor the long-term safety of the shaft lining structure. Indoor simulation testing revealed that the coefficient of determination (r²) between the test curves of the FBG sensor and the resistance strain gauge is greater than 0.99 in both the transverse and vertical strains. Therefore, the FBG sensor and resistance strain gauge test values are similar, and the error is small. The early warning value was obtained by calculation, according to the specific engineering geological conditions and shaft lining structure. The monitoring data obtained for the shaft lining at three test levels over more than three years reveal that the measured vertical strain value is less than the warning value, indicating that the shaft lining structure is currently in a safe state. The analysis of the monitoring data reveals that the vertical strain increment caused by the vertical additional force is approximately 0.0752 με/d. As the mine drainage progresses, the increasing vertical additional force acting on the shaft lining will compromise the safety of the shaft lining structure. Therefore, the monitoring must be enhanced to facilitate decision-making for safe shaft operation.

The mechanical response characteristics of mudstone from the ingate roadway of the west ventilation shaft in Yuandian No. 2 coal mine, Huaibei City, Anhui Province, China to dynamic loads were quantified in single- and cyclic-impact compression tests, using the split-Hopkinson pressure bar test device. The dynamic stress–strain relationships and the failure characteristics of mudstone samples under different impact loads were analyzed systematically. Considering the “rate effect” of the mudstone dynamic strength, the dynamic strength criterion of mudstone was proposed, and the dynamic damage constitutive model of mudstone was established, based on the statistical damage theory. In response to single-impact loads, with increasing impact pressure, the mudstone peak stress and strain gradually increased, and the peak stress and average strain rate increased nonlinearly. In response to cyclic-impact loads, with an increasing number of impacts, the mudstone peak stress first increased and then decreased, and the peak strain increased gradually. With increasing impact pressure, the number of impacts to the samples’ failure decreased gradually. By parameter identification and comparative analysis of the test results, the proposed dynamic damage constitutive model of mudstone was validated. The model can be used for stability analysis of roadway-surrounding rock under dynamic loads.