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Prof. Alon Tal
Chair, Department of Public Policy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel

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0 Policy
0 Sustainability
0 Water Quality
0 water management

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Journal article
Published: 01 June 2021 in Environmental Research Letters
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ACS Style

Meital Peleg-Mizrachi; Alon Tal. The impact of the Corona crisis on the environmental behaviors of different socioeconomic groups. Environmental Research Letters 2021, 16, 064086 .

AMA Style

Meital Peleg-Mizrachi, Alon Tal. The impact of the Corona crisis on the environmental behaviors of different socioeconomic groups. Environmental Research Letters. 2021; 16 (6):064086.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meital Peleg-Mizrachi; Alon Tal. 2021. "The impact of the Corona crisis on the environmental behaviors of different socioeconomic groups." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 6: 064086.

Chapter
Published: 08 February 2021 in From Food Scarcity to Surplus
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Israel’s agriculture is a success story, reflecting a continuous struggle to overcome unfavorable local conditions. Facing the prospect of food shortages, after its establishment in 1948, the country pursued an aggressive strategy of agricultural development. It almost tripled the lands zoned for agriculture and dramatically increased production, notwithstanding the saline soil, arid or semi-arid climate, scant fresh water supply and inexperience amongst many new immigrant farmers. Much of Israel’s agricultural success can be attributed to technological R&D and myriad innovations that revolutionised the way farmers cultivate, irrigate and protect crops from pests, producing steadily higher revenues for farmers. The country invested heavily in developing new sources of water, promoting wastewater irrigation and fostering close co-operation between farmers. This chapter elaborates on Israel’s key technological advances, incentive structures and institutional innovations. Perhaps, the most distinguishing feature of Israel’s agricultural production is the dominant role played by cooperative communities. After seventy years, three-fourths of the country’s total crop area is still overseen by kibbutzim and moshavim, farming collaboratives. During the mid-1980s, Israel undertook substantial economic policy reforms that also resulted in profound structural changes in the agricultural sector such as a decrease in the number of farms, expansion of farm size, diversification of cropping patterns towards high-value fruits and vegetables, as well as thriving, private enterprises serving agriculture. Together, these policies contribute to improved integration of the agro-food sector with global markets, even though the country no longer produces sufficient calories to feed its rapidly growing population. The chapter tells the story of how Israel grew increasingly technologically sophisticated, with ever efficient utilisation of resources and adoption of precision agricultural methods, while spawning an innovative and profitable agrotech ecosystem.

ACS Style

Alon Tal. Israeli Agriculture—Innovation and Advancement. From Food Scarcity to Surplus 2021, 299 -358.

AMA Style

Alon Tal. Israeli Agriculture—Innovation and Advancement. From Food Scarcity to Surplus. 2021; ():299-358.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal. 2021. "Israeli Agriculture—Innovation and Advancement." From Food Scarcity to Surplus , no. : 299-358.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2020 in Forests
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The effect of visits to the country’s forests on environmental perspectives and commitments was assessed in a national survey of the Israeli public. As a highly urbanized country, visits to the country’s dryland forests constitute an important national pastime across ethnic lines. We evaluated the impact that forest visitation had on the attitudes and perspectives of the visitors. A strong correlation was found between the frequency of visits to forests by individuals and a range of pro-environmental and pro-conservation sentiments. Of particular interest was the response of Israel’s Arab citizens. Not only do Israeli Arabs visit forests more frequently, but they also support environmental policy positions more avidly than do Jewish citizens. The article argues that increasing accessibility to forests and natural sites by expanding public transportation lines should constitute an important component in conservation strategies.

ACS Style

Alon Tal; Miriam Billig. The Impact of Visits to Dryland Forests on Environmental Outlook: Results from a National Survey. Forests 2020, 11, 872 .

AMA Style

Alon Tal, Miriam Billig. The Impact of Visits to Dryland Forests on Environmental Outlook: Results from a National Survey. Forests. 2020; 11 (8):872.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal; Miriam Billig. 2020. "The Impact of Visits to Dryland Forests on Environmental Outlook: Results from a National Survey." Forests 11, no. 8: 872.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2019 in Sustainability
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The study evaluates the sustainability of consumption patterns among different socioeconomic deciles based on individual ecological footprints generated by four of the world’s most polluting industries: animal products/meat, textiles, transport, and residential energy. Online shopping is also considered due to its mounting popularity. A national survey, which ensured equal representation of socioeconomic deciles, involving 600 respondents in Israel was conducted, supplemented by follow-up semi-structured personal interviews with 25 participants. Conventional wisdom supports the notion that wealthier segments of society produce greater ecological footprints in all aspects of their consumption. In fact, our findings reveal that patterns are more nuanced and that there are areas in which poorer populations reveal less sustainable consumption patterns: poorer populations in the lower deciles report a greater per capita ecological footprint in their purchases of textiles and food consumption. By contrast, wealthier deciles have relatively larger ecological footprints in the areas of transport and residential patterns (which drive their energy consumption). Results suggest that some of the fundamental assumptions among environmental justice advocates regarding contrasting consumption patterns in affluent and poorer segments of society are not always supported by empirical evidence. Findings also indicate that there is room for greater government interventions to facilitate more sustainable consumption patterns among poorer populations.

ACS Style

Meital Peleg-Mizrachi; Alon Tal. Caveats in Environmental Justice, Consumption and Ecological Footprints: The Relationship and Policy Implications of Socioeconomic Rank and Sustainable Consumption Patterns. Sustainability 2019, 12, 231 .

AMA Style

Meital Peleg-Mizrachi, Alon Tal. Caveats in Environmental Justice, Consumption and Ecological Footprints: The Relationship and Policy Implications of Socioeconomic Rank and Sustainable Consumption Patterns. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):231.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meital Peleg-Mizrachi; Alon Tal. 2019. "Caveats in Environmental Justice, Consumption and Ecological Footprints: The Relationship and Policy Implications of Socioeconomic Rank and Sustainable Consumption Patterns." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 231.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2019 in Water
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The role played by unsustainable resource management in initiating international conflicts is well documented. The Syrian Civil War, commencing in March 2011, presents such a case. The prevailing opinion links the unrest with sequential droughts occurring from 2007–2010. Our research, however, reveals that the winter-rainfed agricultural conditions before 2011, as detected by satellite-derived vegetation indices, were similar and even better for Syrian farmers than for those of their Turkish counterparts across the border. Concurrently, summer-irrigated crops, heavily dependent on Euphrates River water originating from Turkey, notably declined in Syria while flourishing in Turkey. These findings are firmly supported by other independent and validated datasets, including long-term cross-border discharge, the water level in Syrian and Turkish reservoirs, and transborder groundwater flow. We conclude that the Turkish policy of unilaterally diverting the Euphrates water was the main reason for the agricultural collapse and subsequent instability in Syria in 2011. The obvious inference is that while prolonged drought exacerbated conditions, unsustainable anthropogenic water management in Turkey was the proximate cause behind the Syrian uprising.

ACS Style

Arnon Karnieli; Alexandra Shtein; Natalya Panov; Noam Weisbrod; Alon Tal. Was Drought Really the Trigger Behind the Syrian Civil War in 2011? Water 2019, 11, 1564 .

AMA Style

Arnon Karnieli, Alexandra Shtein, Natalya Panov, Noam Weisbrod, Alon Tal. Was Drought Really the Trigger Behind the Syrian Civil War in 2011? Water. 2019; 11 (8):1564.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arnon Karnieli; Alexandra Shtein; Natalya Panov; Noam Weisbrod; Alon Tal. 2019. "Was Drought Really the Trigger Behind the Syrian Civil War in 2011?" Water 11, no. 8: 1564.

Correspondence
Published: 23 May 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Alon Tal. Climate change's impact on Lake Kinneret: Letting the data tell the story. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 685, 1272 -1275.

AMA Style

Alon Tal. Climate change's impact on Lake Kinneret: Letting the data tell the story. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 685 ():1272-1275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal. 2019. "Climate change's impact on Lake Kinneret: Letting the data tell the story." Science of The Total Environment 685, no. : 1272-1275.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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The dramatic drop in water levels in the Kinneret Lake (Sea of Galilee) during the past years is evaluated. Recently published measurements of temperature, precipitation and other hydrological data support the position that climate change is driving the contraction of this iconic water resource. The article presents a range of evidence confirming long-term shifts in the hydrological dynamics of the watershed and details the associated ecological implications. In response to these trends, Israel's government has decided to build a desalination plant along the Northern Mediterranean shoreline that will provide water to replenish the depleted water levels in lake. Given the likelihood of continued global warming expediting increased evaporation and reduced precipitation, such climate adaptation policies constitute prudent public policy.

ACS Style

Alon Tal. The implications of climate change driven depletion of Lake Kinneret water levels: the compelling case for climate change-triggered precipitation impact on Lake Kinneret's low water levels. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 664, 1045 -1051.

AMA Style

Alon Tal. The implications of climate change driven depletion of Lake Kinneret water levels: the compelling case for climate change-triggered precipitation impact on Lake Kinneret's low water levels. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 664 ():1045-1051.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal. 2019. "The implications of climate change driven depletion of Lake Kinneret water levels: the compelling case for climate change-triggered precipitation impact on Lake Kinneret's low water levels." Science of The Total Environment 664, no. : 1045-1051.

Correspondence
Published: 28 January 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Alon Tal. Letter to the editor regarding Wine et al. (2019): Lake Kinneret and climate change. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 664, 175 -176.

AMA Style

Alon Tal. Letter to the editor regarding Wine et al. (2019): Lake Kinneret and climate change. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 664 ():175-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal. 2019. "Letter to the editor regarding Wine et al. (2019): Lake Kinneret and climate change." Science of The Total Environment 664, no. : 175-176.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2018 in Sustainability
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The article reviews the most recent research surrounding the potential role of organic agriculture in providing food for the planet. It challenges the claims of organic agriculture’s environmental superiority compared to well-managed, conventional agriculture. The relative advantages of these contrasting approaches to farming in areas such as aggregate land requirements, biodiversity/habitat loss, water quality, land degradation and climate change are considered. Legitimate concerns about conventional agriculture’s adverse environmental and health impacts need to be addressed and many harmful practices transformed. Nonetheless, careful, sustainably-run, conventional operations can avoid many of the pitfalls and hazards which are often associated with high-input agriculture. The higher yields provided by conventional agriculture offer a more sustainable strategy than a chemical-free agricultural system at the global level for meeting the needs of burgeoning populations and reducing agriculture’s aggregate environmental impact.

ACS Style

Alon Tal. Making Conventional Agriculture Environmentally Friendly: Moving beyond the Glorification of Organic Agriculture and the Demonization of Conventional Agriculture. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1078 .

AMA Style

Alon Tal. Making Conventional Agriculture Environmentally Friendly: Moving beyond the Glorification of Organic Agriculture and the Demonization of Conventional Agriculture. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (4):1078.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal. 2018. "Making Conventional Agriculture Environmentally Friendly: Moving beyond the Glorification of Organic Agriculture and the Demonization of Conventional Agriculture." Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1078.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2018 in Water
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Given the extraordinary proliferation of seawater desalination plants, Israel’s transition to become a country that almost exclusively relies on desalination for municipal water supply is instructive as a case study, especially given concerns about the technology’s prodigious carbon footprint. This article offers a detailed description of the country’s desal experience with a focus on the associated energy requirements, environmental policies and perspectives of decision makers. Israel’s desalination plants are arguably the most energy-efficient in the world. The present consensus among government engineers, however, is that meaningful improvements in energy efficiency are unlikely in the foreseeable future. Official evaluations of increased introduction of solar-driven reverse osmosis (RO) processes concluded that mitigation of greenhouse gases will have to be attained in industries other than the water sector. The article details myriad environmental benefits that desalination has brought the country. However, it argues that given the imperative of stabilizing atmospheric concentration of carbon, and the modest renewable energy supply to Israel’s national grid to date, public policy can no longer offer the water industry a path of least resistance. Present plans envision a significant expansion of Israel’s desal infrastructure, requiring a far higher commitment to renewable energy supply and regulations phasing down present energy demands.

ACS Style

Alon Tal. Addressing Desalination’s Carbon Footprint: The Israeli Experience. Water 2018, 10, 197 .

AMA Style

Alon Tal. Addressing Desalination’s Carbon Footprint: The Israeli Experience. Water. 2018; 10 (2):197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal. 2018. "Addressing Desalination’s Carbon Footprint: The Israeli Experience." Water 10, no. 2: 197.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) frequently enter surface waters via discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as well as from industrial and agricultural activities, creating environmental and health concerns. In this study, selected EDCs were measured in water and sediments along two transboundary streams flowing from the Palestinian Authority (PA) into Israel (the Zomar-Alexander and Hebron-Beer Sheva Streams). We assessed how the complicated conflict situation between Israel and the PA and the absence of a coordinated strategy and joint stream management commission influence effective EDC control. Both streams receive raw Palestinian wastewater in their headwaters, which flows through rural areas and is treated via sediment settling facilities after crossing the 1949 Armistice Agreement Line. Four sampling campaigns were conducted over two years, with concentrations of selected EDCs measured in both the water and the sediments. Results show asymmetrical pollution profiles due to socio-economic differences and contrasting treatment capacities. No in-stream attenuation was observed along the stream and in the sediments within the Palestinian region. After sediment settling in treatment facilities at the Israeli border, however, significant reductions in the EDC concentrations were measured both in the sediments and in the water. Differences in sedimentation technologies had a substantial effect on EDC removal at the treatment location, positively affecting the streams' ability to further remove EDCs downstream. The prevailing approach to addressing the Israeli-Palestinian transboundary wastewater contamination reveals a narrow perspective among water managers who on occasion only take local interests into consideration, with interventions focused solely on improving stream water quality in isolated segments. Application of the "proximity principle" through the establishment of WWTPs at contamination sources constitutes a preferable strategy for reducing contamination by EDCs and other pollutants to ensure minimization of public health risks due to the pollution of streams and underlying potable groundwater.

ACS Style

Pniela Dotan; Maayan Yeshayahu; Wa'd Odeh; Nina Gordon- Kirsch; Ludmila Groisman; Nader Al-Khateeb; Alfred Abed Rabbo; Alon Tal; Shai Arnon. Endocrine disrupting compounds in streams in Israel and the Palestinian West Bank: Implications for transboundary basin management. Journal of Environmental Management 2017, 204, 355 -364.

AMA Style

Pniela Dotan, Maayan Yeshayahu, Wa'd Odeh, Nina Gordon- Kirsch, Ludmila Groisman, Nader Al-Khateeb, Alfred Abed Rabbo, Alon Tal, Shai Arnon. Endocrine disrupting compounds in streams in Israel and the Palestinian West Bank: Implications for transboundary basin management. Journal of Environmental Management. 2017; 204 ():355-364.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pniela Dotan; Maayan Yeshayahu; Wa'd Odeh; Nina Gordon- Kirsch; Ludmila Groisman; Nader Al-Khateeb; Alfred Abed Rabbo; Alon Tal; Shai Arnon. 2017. "Endocrine disrupting compounds in streams in Israel and the Palestinian West Bank: Implications for transboundary basin management." Journal of Environmental Management 204, no. : 355-364.

Review
Published: 01 March 2017 in Water Research
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In the age-old debate between technological optimists and pessimists, desalination has been hailed as a "game changer" that can fundamentally alter the dynamics of water management under conditions of scarcity. While water from desalination facilities can reduce uncertainties in municipal supply, they are unlikely to replace the missing flow required to rehabilitate rivers and streams. The Jordan River is an iconic, but highly degraded water body whose restoration has been the subject of extensive research as well as numerous proposals and strategies. A review of the present state of the River and prospects for successful rehabilitation efforts reveals that neither the increase in the riparian population nor the reduced water supply due to climate change in the Jordan basin has been considered sufficiently in restoration strategies. Demographic pressures produce acute water shortages which make the provision of future environmental flows highly unlikely. While much can and should be done to improve its environmental condition, the Jordan River offers a cautionary tale for water scarce regions about the challenge of stream restoration initiatives in the face of accelerated population growth, notwithstanding the potential benefits of desalination as a source of drinking water.

ACS Style

Alon Tal. Will demography defeat river rehabilitation efforts? The case of the River Jordan. Water Research 2017, 111, 404 -419.

AMA Style

Alon Tal. Will demography defeat river rehabilitation efforts? The case of the River Jordan. Water Research. 2017; 111 ():404-419.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal. 2017. "Will demography defeat river rehabilitation efforts? The case of the River Jordan." Water Research 111, no. : 404-419.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2016 in Chemosphere
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Israel and its Palestinian neighbors constitute a unique venue for evaluating the treatment efficiency and potential environmental risks of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), because of their physical proximity yet contrasting societal dynamics. Israel primarily relies on advanced tertiary sewage treatment and recycles over 85% of its treated wastewater, while in the Palestinian Authority (PA), there is only secondary treatment levels at WWTPs and reuse is minimal (<1%). To evaluate the extent of EDC occurrence and treatment efficiency, we conducted four sampling campaigns over two consecutive years, and measured the concentrations of selected EDCs in raw wastewater (WW), treated WW and sludge in six WWTPs in Israel, as well as in two Palestinian plants. Low concentrations of bisphenol A, octylphenol and triclosan measured in the raw WW in the Palestinian WWTPs reflected the relatively modest industrial activity and consumption habits as compared to the westernized consumer patterns in Israel. On the other hand, hormone concentrations in raw WW were higher in the Palestinian WWTPs than those in the Israeli WWTPs, presumably because of a dilution effect associated with a higher water per capita consumption among Israelis. Despite these differences in raw WW concentrations, the removal efficiency in all advanced WWTPs was relatively high when compared to averages reported internationally.

ACS Style

Pniela Dotan; Tal Godinger; Wad Odeh; Ludmila Groisman; Nader Al-Khateeb; Alfred Abed Rabbo; Alon Tal; Shai Arnon. Occurrence and fate of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater treatment plants in Israel and the Palestinian West Bank. Chemosphere 2016, 155, 86 -93.

AMA Style

Pniela Dotan, Tal Godinger, Wad Odeh, Ludmila Groisman, Nader Al-Khateeb, Alfred Abed Rabbo, Alon Tal, Shai Arnon. Occurrence and fate of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater treatment plants in Israel and the Palestinian West Bank. Chemosphere. 2016; 155 ():86-93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pniela Dotan; Tal Godinger; Wad Odeh; Ludmila Groisman; Nader Al-Khateeb; Alfred Abed Rabbo; Alon Tal; Shai Arnon. 2016. "Occurrence and fate of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater treatment plants in Israel and the Palestinian West Bank." Chemosphere 155, no. : 86-93.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2016 in VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations
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Israeli environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs) are assessed in light of Resource Mobilization Theory, introducing a new method for dividing ENGOs according to strategic orientation. Based on a national survey, 85 groups are categorized as consensus ENGOs that seek understanding aim at finding common grounds, or as conflict ENGOs working “outside the system.” Results show that conflict ENGOs are more grassroots in orientation and consensus ENGOs are more professionalized. Conflict ENGOs operate primarily in local arenas. Consensus ENGOs appear more stable, with larger annual budgets and paid staff, but with fewer registered members. Consensus ENGOs enjoy a wider variety of income sources; receive more funding from government, foreign, and private donations; and have a broader range of self-generated income sources. Conflict ENGOs depend more on membership fees. Both groups are highly dependent on foundation grants. In general, greater resources are associated with consensus activity than among organizations utilizing conflict tactics. Résumé Des organisations non gouvernementales environnementales (ONGE) israéliennes sont évaluées à la lumière de la théorie de mobilisation des ressources, qui introduit une nouvelle méthode de division des ONGE selon leur orientation stratégique. Selon un sondage national, 85 groupes sont catégorisés comme ONGE consensuelles cherchant à être comprises et à trouver des terrains d’entente ou comme ONGE conflictuelles œuvrant « en dehors du système » . Les résultats démontrent que les ONGE conflictuelles ont une orientation plutôt populaire et que les ONGE consensuelles sont plus professionnalisées. Les ONGE conflictuelles œuvrent principalement dans des milieux locaux. Les ONGE consensuelles semblent plus stables et leur budget annuel et leur effectif payé sont plus importants, mais leur adhésion est plus faible. Les ONGE consensuelles profitent d’une vaste gamme de sources de revenus. Elles reçoivent plus de financements du gouvernement et de dons étrangers et privés, et leurs sources de revenus autonomes sont plus diversifiées. Les ONGE conflictuelles ont une plus grande dépendance aux frais d’adhésion. Les deux groupes dépendent fortement des subventions de fondation. En général, plus de ressources sont associées aux activités consensuelles qu’aux organisations faisant appel à des tactiques conflictuelles. Zusammenfassung Israelische nicht-staatliche Umweltorganisationen werden im Rahmen der Ressourcenmobilisierungstheorie bewertet, wobei eine neue Methode zur Einteilung dieser Organisationen nach ihrer strategischen Orientierung eingeführt wird. Beruhend auf einer landesweiten Umfrage werden 85 Organisationen in Konsensus-Organisationen, die ein Einvernehmen und gemeinsame Prinzipien anstreben, und Konflikt-Organisationen, die „außerhalb des Systems“arbeiten, eingeteilt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Konflikt-Organisationen im Hinblick auf ihre Orientierung eher auf der Basisebene operieren, während Konsensus-Organisationen professionalisierter sind. Konflikt-Organisationen sind hauptsächlich auf der lokalen Ebene tätig. Konsensus-Organisationen erscheinen beständiger zu sein und verfügen über größere jährliche Budgets und bezahlte Mitarbeiter, haben jedoch weniger registrierte Mitglieder. Konsensus-Organisationen verfügen über vielfältigere Einnahmequellen, erhalten mehr finanzielle Unterstützung von der Regierung sowie durch ausländische und private Spenden und verfügen über eine weite Reihe von selbstgenerierten Einnahmequellen. Konflikt-Organisationen sind mehr von Migliedsgebühren abhängig. Beide Gruppen sind in hohem Maß von Zuschüssen seitens Stiftungen abhängig. Im Allgmeinen werden größere Ressourcen mit Aktivitäten in Verbindung gebracht, die vom Konsensus geleitet werden, als mit Organisationen, die Konflikttaktiken anwenden. Resumen Las organizaciones no gubernamentales medio ambientales israelíes (ENGO, por sus siglas en inglés) son evaluadas a la luz de la Teoría de Movilización de Recursos, introduciendo un nuevo método para dividir las ENGO según la orientación estratégica. Basándonos en una encuesta nacional, se clasifican 85 grupos como ENGO de consenso que buscan comprender con el objetivo de encontrar bases comunes; o como ENGO de conflicto que trabajan “fuera del sistema.” Los resultados muestran que las ENGO de conflicto están más orientadas a la base (comunidad) y las ENGO de consenso están más profesionalizadas. Las ENGO de conflicto operan fundamentalmente en ámbitos locales. Las ENGO de consenso parecen más estables, con presupuestos anuales más grandes y con personal pagado, pero con un menor número de miembros inscritos. Las ENGO de consenso disfrutan de una variedad más amplia de fuentes de ingresos; reciben más financiación del gobierno, de donaciones extranjeras y privadas, y tienen una gama más amplia de ingresos autogenerados. Las ENGO de conflicto dependen más de las cuotas de sus miembros. Ambos grupos dependen en gran medida de las subvenciones de fundaciones. En general, se asocia un mayor número de recursos a la actividad de consenso que entre las organizaciones que utilizan tácticas de conflicto. 摘要 本文根据资源调动理论(Resource Mobilization Theory),对以色列非政府环保组织(ENGOs)进行了评估,并介绍了一种根据策略导向对ENGOs进行分类的新方法。在一项全国性调查中,85个小组被分为共识ENGOs(Consensus ENGOs)与冲突ENGOs(Conflict ENGOs),前者寻求理解,并以达成共识为目标,而后者则在“体制之外”努力。结果显示,冲突ENGOs的导向更具草根性,而共识ENGOs则更专业化。冲突ENGOs主要活跃于地方。共识ENGOs表现的更加稳定,年度预算更大,受薪职员更多,但是注册会员则较少。共识ENGOs的收入来源更多样化;更多地得到政府、国外与私人捐助;其自主创造的收入来源更多样化。而冲突ENGOs更多地依赖于会员会费。两个小组的ENGOs都高度的依赖于基金资助。一般地,与共识活动(consensus activity)相关联的资源比与使用冲突策略的组织相关的资源要多。 要約 イスラエルの環境非政府組織 (ENGO) は、戦略的方向性に基づいてENGOを分割する新しい方法を導入して、資源の動員理論に焦点を当てて評価する。全国調査に基づいて、一般的な理由を見つけることで理解の目的を求めるコンセンサスのENGOとして、85グループもしくは「外部システム」の競合としてENGOを分類する。結果から、競合するENGOは方向性があり草の根的であり、より専門化されたコンセンサスのENGOである。競合するENGOはローカルな活動領域で主に実施される。コンセンサスのENGOは増加する年次予算と有給スタッフが固定されているが、登録されたメンバーは少ない。コンセンサスのENGOは、幅広い収入源、政府の資金受領、外国人や民間からの寄付を受け取って、自己生成の収入源に広い範囲を持っている。競合するENGOは会費によって異なる。両方のグループは、財団の補助金に大きく依存する。一般的により多くの資金は、競合の戦術を活用した組織よりもコンセンサス活動に関連付けられている。 ملخص تم تقييم منظمات غير حكومية بيئية(ENGOS) إسرائيلية في ضوء نظرية تعبئة الموارد، إدخال طريقة جديدة لتقسيم المنظمات الغير حكومية البيئية (ENGOS) وفقا” لتوجيه إستراتيجي. إستنادا” على إستطلاع رأي وطني، تم تصنيف 85 من مجموعات منظمات غير حكومية بيئية(ENGOS) على نحو إتفاق على الرأي الذي يسعى إلى فهم الهدف في إيجاد أرضية مشتركة. أو كصراع مجموعات منظمات غير حكومية بيئية(ENGOS) تعمل “خارج النظام”. تشير النتائج إلى أن صراع مجموعات منظمات غير حكومية بيئية(ENGOS) هو أكثر شعبية في التوجيه وإجماع منظمات غير حكومية بيئية(ENGOS) على الرأي بصورة مهنية أكثر. صراع المنظمات الغير حكومية البيئية (ENGOS) يعمل أساسا” في الساحات المحلية. إتفاق المنظمات الغير حكومية البيئية (ENGOS) على الرأي يبدو أكثر استقرارا”، مع الميزانيات السنوية الكبيرة والموظفين المأجورين، لكن مع عدد أقل من أعضاء مسجلين. إتفاق المنظمات الغير حكومية البيئية (ENGOS) على الرأي يستمتع بتنوع واسع من مصادر الدخل؛ يحصل على المزيد من التمويل من الحكومة ، تبرعات أجنبية وخاصة ، وله مجموعة واسعة من مصادر الدخل الذي تم إنتاجها ذاتيا”. صراع المنظمات الغير حكومية البيئية (ENGOS) يعتمد أكثر على رسوم تسجيل العضوية. كل من المجموعتين يعتمد إعتمادا” كبيرا” على منح المؤسسات. بشكل عام ترتبط أكبر الموارد مع نشاط إجماع الرأي أكثر من بين المنظمات التي تستخدم تكتيكات الصراع.

ACS Style

Shira Leon Zchout; Alon Tal. Conflict Versus Consensus Strategic Orientations Among Environmental NGOs: An Empirical Evaluation. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 2016, 28, 1110 -1134.

AMA Style

Shira Leon Zchout, Alon Tal. Conflict Versus Consensus Strategic Orientations Among Environmental NGOs: An Empirical Evaluation. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 2016; 28 (3):1110-1134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shira Leon Zchout; Alon Tal. 2016. "Conflict Versus Consensus Strategic Orientations Among Environmental NGOs: An Empirical Evaluation." VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 28, no. 3: 1110-1134.

Review
Published: 01 March 2016 in Water Research
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Broad utilization of drip irrigation technologies in Israel has contributed to the 1600 percent increase in the value of produce grown by local farmers over the past sixty-five years. The recycling of 86% of Israeli sewage now provides 50% of the country's irrigation water and is the second, idiosyncratic component in Israel's strategy to overcome water scarcity and maintain agriculture in a dryland region. The sustainability of these two practices is evaluated in light of decades of experience and ongoing research by the local scientific community. The review confirms the dramatic advantages of drip irrigation over time, relative to flood, furrow and sprinkler irrigation and its significance as a central component in agricultural production, especially under arid conditions. In contrast, empirical findings increasingly report damage to soil and to crops from salinization caused by irrigation with effluents. To be environmentally and agriculturally sustainable over time, wastewater reuse programs must ensure extremely high quality treated effluents and ultimately seek the desalinization of recycled sewage.

ACS Style

Alon Tal. Rethinking the sustainability of Israel's irrigation practices in the Drylands. Water Research 2016, 90, 387 -394.

AMA Style

Alon Tal. Rethinking the sustainability of Israel's irrigation practices in the Drylands. Water Research. 2016; 90 ():387-394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal. 2016. "Rethinking the sustainability of Israel's irrigation practices in the Drylands." Water Research 90, no. : 387-394.

Review
Published: 01 April 2015 in Journal of Hazardous Materials
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Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are a diverse group of "chemicals of emerging concern" which have attracted much interest from the research community since the 1990s. Today there is still no definitive risk assessment tool for EDCs. While some decision making organizations have attempted to design methodology guidelines to evaluate the potential risk from this broadly defined group of constituents, risk assessors still face many uncertainties and unknowns. Until a risk assessment paradigm is designed specifically for EDCs and is vetted by the field, traditional risk assessment tools may be used with caution to evaluate EDCs. In doing so, each issue of contention should be addressed with transparency in order to leverage available information and technology without sacrificing integrity or accuracy. The challenges that EDCs pose to traditional risk assessment are described in this article to assist in this process.

ACS Style

Vivian Futran Fuhrman; Alon Tal; Shai Arnon. Why endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) challenge traditional risk assessment and how to respond. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2015, 286, 589 -611.

AMA Style

Vivian Futran Fuhrman, Alon Tal, Shai Arnon. Why endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) challenge traditional risk assessment and how to respond. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2015; 286 ():589-611.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vivian Futran Fuhrman; Alon Tal; Shai Arnon. 2015. "Why endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) challenge traditional risk assessment and how to respond." Journal of Hazardous Materials 286, no. : 589-611.

Articles
Published: 11 September 2013 in Environmental Politics
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We report results of a recent national survey of the Israeli environmental movement, assessing its activities, strategies, and financial viability. Since the early 1990s, the movement has undergone significant expansion, with numerous new organisations at both local and national levels. The movement is undergoing notable operational and ideological changes, and exhibiting tremendous capacity, cooperation, and increased sophistication. Yet, environmental NGOs still lack professional capabilities in key areas, greater inclusiveness of minority populations, and financial stability with sufficient funding from a diversity of Israeli donors. Key issues involving sustainability, such as consumption and overpopulation, still remain outside its agenda.

ACS Style

Alon Tal; Shira Leon-Zchout; Itay Greenspan; Liat Oshry; Shira Akov. Israel's environmental movement: strategic challenges. Environmental Politics 2013, 22, 779 -791.

AMA Style

Alon Tal, Shira Leon-Zchout, Itay Greenspan, Liat Oshry, Shira Akov. Israel's environmental movement: strategic challenges. Environmental Politics. 2013; 22 (5):779-791.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal; Shira Leon-Zchout; Itay Greenspan; Liat Oshry; Shira Akov. 2013. "Israel's environmental movement: strategic challenges." Environmental Politics 22, no. 5: 779-791.

Book chapter
Published: 30 December 2012 in Between Ruin and Restoration
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Lucy Michaels; Pinhas Alpert; Daniel E. Orenstein; Alon Tal; Char Miller. ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE IN ISRAEL. Between Ruin and Restoration 2012, 309 -333.

AMA Style

Lucy Michaels, Pinhas Alpert, Daniel E. Orenstein, Alon Tal, Char Miller. ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE IN ISRAEL. Between Ruin and Restoration. 2012; ():309-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lucy Michaels; Pinhas Alpert; Daniel E. Orenstein; Alon Tal; Char Miller. 2012. "ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE IN ISRAEL." Between Ruin and Restoration , no. : 309-333.

Research papers
Published: 15 November 2012 in International Journal of River Basin Management
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By the 1960s, the intermittent streams in Israel, emptying either into the Mediterranean or into the Dead Sea in the east, became perennial sewage conduits, with the local aquatic habitat decimated or changed beyond recognition. The natural flow of water that had once offered a seasonal pulse to these ephemeral wadis was typically tapped for agricultural utilization of drinking water. During the past two decades, there appeared initial signs that this ecological misfortune was reversible. In 2003, Israel's water law was finally amended, adding ‘nature’ to the list of legitimate recipients of fresh water allocations (along with agriculture, industry and household uses). New standards were set for waste-water treatment. Recent advances in the construction of Israel's desalination infrastructure have added substantial quantities of fresh water to Israel's national grid and raise the prospects of a new deal for Israel's streams. Improved regulation by Israel's agencies and upgraded levels of sewage treatment also promised to improve conditions in the contaminated waterways. This article offers an historic retrospective of the progress of Israel's streams made thus far and future restoration challenges.

ACS Style

Alon Tal; David Katz. Rehabilitating Israel's streams and rivers. International Journal of River Basin Management 2012, 10, 317 -330.

AMA Style

Alon Tal, David Katz. Rehabilitating Israel's streams and rivers. International Journal of River Basin Management. 2012; 10 (4):317-330.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal; David Katz. 2012. "Rehabilitating Israel's streams and rivers." International Journal of River Basin Management 10, no. 4: 317-330.

Journal article
Published: 11 August 2010 in Small-scale Forestry
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During the past 60 years, afforestation has transformed Israel’s landscape, with forests planted or planned on 10% of the country’s land, much of it with less than 300 mm of annual precipitation. After early efforts to establish a successful commercial timber industry failed, recreation and ecosystem services came to dominate forestry policy objectives. Given Israel’s status as a ‘developing country’ under the Kyoto Protocol, forests’ economic potential through carbon sequestration has been explored, but has not yet proven to be compelling. Several considerations cooled initial enthusiasm for seeking international carbon credits through afforestation. These include administrative obstacles associated with international accreditation, limited potential economic profitability, and ethical considerations. Rather, a voluntary offsetting program was adopted, allowing donors to plant trees in Israel, that balance individual carbon emissions. Afforestation in drylands exhibit meaningful potential to counteract chronic carbon loss due to land degradation. As trees planted in Israel’s semi-arid regions exhibit surprisingly high carbon sequestration properties that are comparable to forests in temperate Europe, the potential for offsetting may become a growing factor in local forestry policy once Israel begins to regulate CO2 emissions.

ACS Style

Alon Tal; Jessica Gordon. Carbon Cautious: Israel’s Afforestation Experience and Approach to Sequestration. Small-scale Forestry 2010, 9, 409 -428.

AMA Style

Alon Tal, Jessica Gordon. Carbon Cautious: Israel’s Afforestation Experience and Approach to Sequestration. Small-scale Forestry. 2010; 9 (4):409-428.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alon Tal; Jessica Gordon. 2010. "Carbon Cautious: Israel’s Afforestation Experience and Approach to Sequestration." Small-scale Forestry 9, no. 4: 409-428.