The buffalo species (Bubalus bubalis) is crucial for the global economy, supplying high-nutritional-value animal proteins vital for children’s growth. These animals efficiently convert fiber into energy and thrive in various harsh environments, from frigid climates to hot, humid areas, including wetlands. They produce milk and meat while supporting the sustainability of ecosystems that other ruminants cannot inhabit. Buffalo offers a unique opportunity to supply resources for both rural communities and larger farms located in specific regions, such as marshlands and humid savannahs. They also thrive on extensive pastures and family farms, thus preserving biodiversity, habitats, and cultural practices. Intensive farming brings distinct challenges and is often criticized for its negative effects on climate change. To counter these impacts, multiple strategies have been researched and implemented. These include enhancing livestock genetics, adopting sustainable agricultural practices, optimizing local feed resources (including by-products), managing manure (with an emphasis on renewable energy), and improving animal health and welfare. This review explores various buffalo farming system applications in different global contexts. It is based on the hypothesis that the adaptable traits of buffalo, as well as the environmental and economic challenges that must be addressed for sustainability, are the key factors in determining the viability of such enterprises.

Biogas production from agricultural and industrial wastes delivers two benefits: on one side, the treatment of organic residues prevents the environmental and economic impact of their disposal; on the other side, methane and/or hydrogen are generated. The aims of this study were both to produce bio-hydrogen from buffalo wastes and to investigate the relationship between biogas production and bacterial and archaeal community composition. Anaerobic codigestion of livestock by-products (buffalo sludge and low protein cheese whey-scotta), with buffalo rumen and buffalo sludge as inoculum, was performed. The microbial community was analyzed using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Codigestion showed to be positive because of both sludge buffering capability and highly degradable carbohydrates content in scotta. Rumen inoculum proved more efficient compared to sludge during fermentation. In fact, cumulated production was higher (120.8 vs. 65.4 ml H₂ g VS⁻¹ respectively) and the average percentage of hydrogen in biogas was 48.1 (v/v) with maximum peak at 64.6. Moreover, rumen bacterial profile showed higher genera richness. Taxonomic classification showed that among the bacteria, Firmicutes, 23.3% of whom Clostridia; Bacteroidetes, and in particular Bacteroidia; Proteobacteria and Tenericutes, accounted for 88.2% of total sequences. Concerning the Clostridia Family XIII, the C. Incertae Sedis was the most represented (6.6%), and its quantity was twice as much in rumen inoculated hydrogen-producing samples than those non-producing. In the archaeal, community predominated the phylum Euryarcheota, with Methanobrevibacter the most represented, which was higher when hydrogen was produced with rumen inoculum. Studies on buffalo rumen as inoculum for hydrogen production are limited and this paper gives a first overview of microbial community composition by NGS in producing and non-producing samples.

New approaches are needed to improve the sustainability of feed production and utilization by ruminants. Promising approaches include increased use of buffaloes for more sustainable milk production, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to reduce crop production input needs. However, studies assessing the effect of crops grown in the presence of AMF on rumen microbial utilization are limited. Based on current knowledge, we hypothesized that maize grain grown on AMF-inoculated soil affected ruminal fermentation and microbiota, and that this effect differed between buffalo and cattle. A dietary cross-over study (four weeks per diet) was conducted using rumen-cannulated cattle (n = 5) and buffalo (n = 6) to assess the effect of maize grain (3.9% (w/v) of diet) grown on soil with or without AMF (15 kg/ha) on ruminal fermentation and microbiota. Production of maize on AMF-treated soil did not affect any of the assessed ruminal fermentation parameters, microbial concentrations, or prokaryotic community composition (using prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis). In contrast, host type had numerous effects. Protozoal counts, lactate, total VFA and isobutyrate, were significantly higher in buffaloes compared to cattle. Conversely, butyrate was significantly lower in buffaloes than in cattle. Host type explained 9.3% of the total variation in prokaryotic community composition, and relative abundance of nine amplicon sequence variants significantly differed between host types. These findings indicate that AMF treatment of maize crops has no detrimental impact on the value of the resulting maize grains as a ruminant feed, and provides additional insight into rumen-based differences between cattle and buffalo.

The tomato industry and buffalo farming generate waste, including sludge (BS) and tomato pomace (TP), which can significantly impact their economic and environmental sustainability. The case study tracked changes in microflora composition after a thermal shock during anaerobic co-digestion. The inoculum-to-substrate ratio was 0.5 based on volatile solid content under mesophilic conditions. An Automatic Methane Potential Test System was used to monitor the process before and after thermal stress (50°C) occurred for three days. Next-generation sequencing analyzed the bacterial and archaeal communities. The pH decreased, and methane production plateaued due to the high volatile solid content (87 g/L). After thermal stress, the pH returned to neutral, and the batch resumed biogas production. The cumulative CH4 production reached 3,115 Nml. The biogas had a maximum methane peak of 78.5% compared to 58.4% in BS. The taxonomic classification showed that Firmicutes (51.7%) and Bacteroidetes (29.9%) represented 81.6% of the total OTUs among the bacteria. Fonticella, the most abundant Clostridiaceae (average 4.3%), was absent in BS and increased (up to 17.1%) in TP during methane production. Methanocorpusculum was the most abundant in the archaeal community. However, Metanosarcina showed a stronger correlation with methane production. Brief thermal stress significantly altered bacterial and archaeal populations and allowed to resume biogas production.

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas, and ruminants are a significant source of agricultural emissions. It has been hypothesized that the host's genome controls rumen microbial communities, but robust results require numerous samples. The feasibility of a research project will depend on the ease and representativeness of the sampling method, as well as the cost-efficiency of large-scale sequencing. This study aimed to compare different protocols to investigate whether non-invasive samples could serve as a substitute for ruminal digesta. DNA recovery was tested in various matrices (whole rumen content, feces, and buccal swabs) from five cannulated buffalo cows. Three types of buccal swabs were tested, as well as feces in different forms (as-is, pelleted, or in a glycerol solution) and the rumen content. The study compared different protocols for DNA extraction, including WUR protocol, Maxwell®, and Quick Extract™, and two sampling times. Saliva was a challenging matrix to process, obtaining unsatisfactory DNA yield. Feces showed higher yields when pelleted but lower than rumen. The highest amount of DNA was obtained from whole rumen content using all three DNA extraction methods. Quick Extract was the easiest method to perform, while WUR resulted in the highest yield of DNA, swabs excluded. The Maxwell® method gave satisfactory results with all three matrices. However, further metagenomic analysis is required to verify if the species composition is comparable.

Sustainable development means meeting the needs of the present while ensuring future generations can meet their own needs (European Commission). Rapid urbanization, increased purchasing power, and dietary change drive demand for richer diets and animal-origin proteins, leaving more than 868 million undernourished citizens worldwide and 850 million living in developing countries. Food security could be granted to large populations by reducing food waste, which accounts for 1.3 billion tons per year, or implementing livestock farming and promoting a sustainable food demand. With economic progress and the world’s growing population, estimated to reach more than 9 billion people in 2050, animal proteins will increase as meat and milk demand. Nevertheless, ruminants produce methane, which accounts for most of the agricultural sector emissions (5.8% of the total anthropogenic), raising concerns about their production. If ruminant livestock increase, methane production increases, accelerating global warming inevitably. Depending on resource quality, environmental factors, and social and economic contexts, various types of livestock production systems may vary considerably in sustainability. These livestock systems include extensive grassland, intensive landless, mixed, and family farming systems. Massive worldwide research has investigated the effect of various mitigation strategies. None- theless, the under-representation of certain strategies, geographic regions, the calculation’s robustness, and long-term studies are the main limitations in providing an accurate quantitative estimation of the respective mitigation potential under diverse animal production systems. Ruminant livestock is important not only for producing nutrient-dense meat and milk for human diets but also for providing hides, fiber, manure, and animal power for farming and transportation in many countries and contributing to biodiversity. To obtain this, they eat grass and legume plants that would be inedible to humans or live on land unsuitable for cultivation. Livestock also contributes to muchneeded income for family farmers in developing countries. The buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), represented by a total of 204 million head (3.9 % increase in the last ten years), could play a strategic role due to its peculiar characteristics: the high ability to convert fiber into energy, the longevity, and the adaptation in extreme areas with cold or hot-humid climate where other ruminants cannot thrive. Moreover, it contributes to the sustenance of many people living in rural areas. A multidisciplinary approach considering the environment, animal health and welfare, and social and economic contexts is requested to increase the sustainability of livestock.