Summary: Microbiota plays an essential role in human development and body homeostasis. Individual and environmental variables influence the diversity of microbiota, which performs crucial biochemical activities in the human body and influences health status and disease in later years. Many diseases in adulthood may be prevented or treated if the relationship between the microbiome, nutrition, especially the immune system, and growth and development could be fully understood. For a healthy gut microbiota, the diet‐related changes in the core microbiota must be long‐lasting, achieving permanence in microbiota change. This process is possible by maintaining a sustainable diet and adhering to this diet for a long time. Therefore, this study reviewed the relationship between nutrition, microbiota, and various life‐threatening diseases.

With motherhood, women focus on their new baby. They begin to develop new adaptation behaviors to provide the best care for the infant. The study aims to describe the adaptive behaviors and concerned thoughts of first-time and repeat mothers. The study was designed in descriptive and cross-sectional type. Data were collected from mothers using a questionnaire and "The scale of being the mother of a baby." The study was completed with 112 mothers who were reached by snowball sampling method and agreed to participate. The data were analyzed at the 95% confidence interval at the p˂.05 significance level. 66.1% of the mothers had a baby for the first time, and 73.2% of the mothers received information/education about baby care. It was determined that they wanted to receive information on topics such as maternal and infant nutrition, diseases, and immunization. A statistically significant difference was found between the age of pacifier use (p = .032). It was determined that mothers got 130.7 points in total from the scale, 88.3 points from the evaluation of motherhood sub-dimension, and 42.3 points from the life change sub-dimension. A statistically significant difference was found between the baby care knowledge/training status and the scale scores. The importance and continuity of education during and after pregnancy has emerged. Nurses are competent people with a key role in this regard, and it is recommended to use individualized care protocols for the training provided.

Objective: With a child’s less developed ability to express oneself when compared to adults, it is a more challenging task to manage pain in children. Nurses, as those who spend the most time with patients, need to have sufficient knowledge about assessing and managing pain in children. The aim of this study is to determine the knowledge and pediatric practices of nurses working in pediatric clinics on pain management in children. Methods: This descriptive study was completed with 134 nurses. Study data were captured through using a questionnaire drafted, and rearranged in line with specialist advice, by the researchers. Data were electronically evaluated with percentage, Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests using analysis system. Results: It was determined that 81.3% of nurses had not been trained on pain management in children. It was established that nurses preferred pharmacological methods to non-pharmacological, that 54.5% of them used a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods to relieve pain in children, and that 16.4% mentioned difficulty in pain management due to lack of time. Nurses’ knowledge of pain management was found to be slightly above the average (maximum 22 points; median ± standard deviation=16.50±2.74; minimum-maximum: 9-21). Conclusion: The study established that nurses’ level of knowledge about pain management was inadequate, that nurses encountered various challenges in pain management arising from the workplace setting, and that rate of use of non-pharmacological pain treatment methods, an independent function of nursing, is significantly low.

In pediatrics, the knowledge and approach of health professionals in bathing, which are one of the first care of the newborn, are important in the initiation and continuation of care by transferring it to parents. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and influencing factors of health professionals about newborn bathing. This descriptive and cross‐sectional study was conducted with 140 health professionals working in neonatology between March and June 2023. Data were collected and analyzed using the “Participant description form” and “Knowledge and Attitudes Form on Newborn Bathing.” Since there is no equivalent measurement tool in the literature, the Knowledge and Attitude Form on Newborn Bathing was designed and submitted for expert assessment. A final version with 21 items questioning knowledge (15 items) and attitude (6 items) was completed. The cutoff point in the form was determined as the correct response of 16 items (12 items or more for the knowledge and 4 items or more for the attitude section). Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed on the data. Significance was evaluated at 95% confidence interval. A total of 140 health professionals with a mean age of 31.4 years participated in the study. The first bath of the newborn was reported to be a wipe/sponge bath with 80% and 68.6% reported that the first bath should be with water only. About 70% reported that there were clues indicating that the newborn was ready for bathing and the first clues were absorption of vernix caseosa (22.6%) and umbilical cord shedding (11.9%). According to the answers of the Knowledge and Attitudes Form on Newborn Bathing, 74.3% of the participants had sufficient knowledge about bathing. A statistically significant difference was found between gender, occupation, education, institution, clinic, working time, and knowledge adequacy ( p < 0.05). Although bathing seems harmless, it is ill‐advised when it comes to newborns. The study determined that health professionals possess sufficient knowledge about newborn bathing. We recommend studies be conducted on how health professionals transfer their knowledge to mothers with new babies and how mothers apply their instructions and advice.

Type 1 diabetes is common in children and adolescents. The disease causes psychosocial mismatches and makes adolescents more vulnerable to peer victimization. This study aims to determine the relationship between peer victimization and self-esteem in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to evaluate the impact of psychological resilience in this relationship. The sample consisted of 222 adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Turkey. The research data were collected via Personal Information Form, Peer Victimization Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale-Short Form, and Adolescent Psychological Resilience Scale. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews with children. The relationships among the study variables were examined using Pearson correlation analysis, and SPSS Macro was utilized to construct the regression model and test the mediation hypotheses. Peer victimization correlated negatively with resilience (r = − 0.668, p < 0.01) and self-esteem (r = − 0.635, p < 0.01), while resilience correlated positively with self-esteem (r = 0.571, p < 0.01). Mediation analysis confirmed that peer victimization lowers self-esteem both directly and indirectly through resilience (indirect effect: − 0.012, BootLLCI = 0.019, BootULCI = − 0.005), emphasizing its protective role. Conclusion: Resilience plays an important role in reducing the negative effects of peer bullying on self-esteem in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Adolescents with high resilience are better able to maintain their self-esteem even if they are bullied. However, as academic pressure and educational level increase, self-esteem may decrease more. The results underscore the necessity of interventions aimed at reducing the negative effects of peer victimization, promoting self-esteem, and enhancing psychological resilience to improve overall well-being. What is Known:• Type 1 diabetes causes not only physical but also psychosocial problems in children and can expose young people to bullying behaviors. What is New:• Psychological resilience reduces the negative effects of peer bullying. While the coping skills of adolescents exposed to bullying were weakened, those with high psychological resilience maintained their self-esteem better. Peer bullying directly and indirectly affects self-esteem negatively. Although psychological resilience mitigates some of this negative effect, self-esteem decreases significantly in adolescents exposed to bullying.• While age positively affects self-esteem and psychological resilience, educational level may negatively affect self-esteem. It has been observed that adolescents under academic pressure or in older age groups have more difficulty in maintaining their self-esteem.What is significant for clinical practice?• Diabetes management should also be addressed from a psychosocial perspective, and negative experiences (such as bullying) experienced by children should be identified and overcome by using coping mechanisms.