The Hindu Kush range of northern Pakistan has a large variety of Alpine and valley glaciers. These glaciers are subjected to volumetric changes owing to a host of factors (i.e., altitude, slope, glacier types, and aspect). The geodetic survey and field-based data are not available for assessment of glacier’s ELA for the Hindu Kush due to rough topography and rigorous climate. However, the mass balance of the alpine and valley glaciers can be obtained through Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) and Accumulation Area Ratio (AAR). Therefore, this study deals with the estimation of ELA, the hypsometrically controlled methods based on AAR and Accumulation Area Balance Ratio (AABR). The various ratio of AAR and AABR is applied to obtain the glacier ELAs of valley glaciers. AAR-ELAs are estimated based on ratios between 0.4–0.8 with 0.05 interval a d 0.67–4.4 with 0.01 for AABR-ELAs Moreover, the glacier contours with the interval of 50 m ± 5 m are employed for these estimations. This technique adjusted glacier hypsometry and area with the constant AAR ratio (rather than constant glacier area) to calculate the ELA variations. The results show that for AAR (0.5), 50m ELA declined from 5409 to 5359 m and reducing 4% the geometric area. The maximum decrease of 150 m ELA for these glaciers is reported for the AAR-AABR ratio 0.1–4.4, showing a significant decrease. The estimated decrease in the glacier area of Hindu-Kush glaciers is extremely variable specifically in Phargam, Khorabohr and Gordoghan.

In recent years, noise pollution in urban zones has reached critical levels, primarily driven by increased road traffic and poor urban planning. This research is crucial as it quantifies noise pollution in different urban settings of Peshawar, Pakistan, providing valuable insights into the severity of the issue. By using noise descriptors such as Leq-24h, L1, L10, L50, L90, L99, Lmax, Lmin, LNP, and NC. A comparison with the Pak-NEQS 2010 standards revealed that during the daytime, 100% of silence zones, 91% of commercial areas, and 90% of residential areas exceeded the permissible noise limits. Similarly, nighttime measurements showed that 83% of silence zones, 87% of commercial areas, and 90% of residential areas were also above the acceptable limits. Strong correlations between Leq and other noise descriptors were observed, and land use characteristics significantly impacted noise levels during the day. This data highlights the urgent need for regulatory measures to mitigate the growing issue of noise pollution in urban environments.