Fetal growth restriction (FGR), or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is still the second most common cause of perinatal mortality. The factors that contribute to fetal growth restriction can be categorized into three distinct groups: placental, fetal, and maternal. The prenatal application of various diagnostic methods can, in many cases, detect the deterioration of the fetal condition in time because the nature of the above disorder is thoroughly investigated by applying a combination of biophysical and biochemical methods, which determine the state of the embryo–placenta unit and assess the possible increased risk of perinatal failure outcome and potential for many later health problems. When considering the potential for therapeutic intervention, the key question is whether it can be utilized during pregnancy. Currently, there are no known treatment interventions that effectively enhance placental function and promote fetal weight development. Nevertheless, in cases with fetuses diagnosed with fetal growth restriction, immediate termination of pregnancy may have advantages not only in terms of minimizing perinatal mortality but primarily in terms of reducing long-term morbidity during childhood and maturity.

This review delves into the possible connection between periodontitis and negative pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia and preterm birth. It highlights the potential influence of an unidentified microbial factor on preeclampsia and the effects of inflammatory responses on the rate of preterm births. Furthermore, it underscores the prevalent occurrence of oral ailments within the populace and their significant repercussions on quality of life. Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy may exacerbate oral conditions such as pregnancy gingivitis and periodontitis, necessitating bespoke therapeutic approaches that take into account potential fetal ramifications. Periodontal disease, characterized by microbial attack and inflammatory response, results in tissue destruction and tooth loss. The oral cavity’s susceptibility to bacterial colonization, which is primarily due to its role as a site for food intake, is highlighted. Furthermore, research indicates a correlation between inflammatory responses and factors such as prostaglandin E2 and IL-1β, and preterm birth. Therapeutic interventions are a focus of international research, with efforts being aimed at optimizing outcomes through larger studies involving pregnant women.

Objective: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a complex, advancing condition marked either by the recent emergence of hypertension and proteinuria or by the recent onset of hypertension accompanied by notable end-organ impairment, which may occur with or without proteinuria. PE usually appears in the postpartum phase or after the 20th week of gestation, though it might appear sooner in cases of molar pregnancy. Pathophysiology: This disorder is a serious multisystem condition during pregnancy that can lead to serious, life-threatening complications for both the mother and the fetus if it is not diagnosed and managed promptly. These changes result from widespread and intense vasoconstriction caused by renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), aldosterone, and catecholamines. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and its sequence of signaling reactions demonstrate its crucial role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance that diverges in PE from that observed in healthy pregnancies. However, it is widely recognized that the above description is incomplete for pre-eclampsia and further relationships should be analyzed. The purpose of this article is to review and synthesize alterations in renal function and the RAAS during normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. We aim to provide clinical gynecologists with a comprehensive understanding of how pregnancy-specific adaptations can impact renal function and the RAAS, as well as the deviations observed in pre-eclampsia. Conclusion: This information is essential to enhance clinical awareness, improve the accuracy of diagnosis, and support evidence-based decision-making in the management of pregnant patients, especially those complicated by pre-eclampsia.

Despite the increased frequency of endometriosis, it remains one of the most enigmatic disorders regarding its effects on pregnancy. Endometriosis adversely affects both natural and assisted conception. Impaired folliculogenesis, which causes follicular dysfunction and low egg quality, as well as luteal phase problems, reduced fertilization, and abnormal embryogenesis, are some of the mechanisms advocated to explain reproductive dysfunction. There is a rising need for a comprehensive study of the potential negative consequences of this condition on pregnancy outcomes, including the postpartum period, as more women with a medical history of endometriosis become pregnant. Obstetrical complications (small for gestational age [SGA], cesarean section [CS], miscarriage, hemorrhage, low placental adhesion, and preterm delivery) are statistically elevated in women with endometriosis. Furthermore, ruptured ovarian endometrioma, appendicitis, intestinal perforation, and hemoperitoneum have been described in pregnancy. Obstetricians are largely unfamiliar with these complications, as they have not been thoroughly investigated. The development and pathogenesis of endometriosis is an important field of study and has not yet been fully elucidated. Finding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of new and more effective strategies to treat this condition. Endometriosis can have an impact on obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy, in addition to its potential effects on conception. To date, no additional monitoring is recommended for pregnancies with a history of endometriosis. However, more studies are urgently needed to assess the need for the tailored pregnancy monitoring of women with endometriosis.

According to data from World Health Organization, breast cancer constitutes the second most common diagnosed malignancy after lung cancer and the second leading cause of death among women in 2020, worldwide. The protective role of breastfeeding in the emergence of breast malignancy has been mentioned in several studies, indicating the important part it can have in the effort of reducing breast cancer’s incidence. To investigate a possible association between breastfeeding and breast cancer risk in Greek women. Totally, 391 women participated in our case-control retrospective study. In the case group included 238 women with breast cancer, while in control group 153 women without breast cancer who were enrolled in two breast clinics in Greece. All women were examined clinically and with breast ultrasound, while those older than 40 years old also with bilateral digital mammography. The x² (chi-square) test found a statistically significant reverse correlation between breast cancer and breastfeeding ⩾12 months (cumulative) (p = 0.001). It was observed that the percentages of patients who breastfed ⩾12 months were lower than those of healthy women. Breastfeeding and particularly the cumulative period of ⩾12 months is related to the maximum of the protection from breast cancer.