In recent decades, nanotechnology has been rapidly advancing in various fields of human activity, including veterinary medicine. The review presents up-to-date information on recent advancements in nanotechnology in the field and an overview of the types of nanoparticles used in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, their characteristics, and their areas of application. Currently, a wide range of nanomaterials has been implemented into veterinary practice, including pharmaceuticals, diagnostic devices, feed additives, and vaccines. The application of nanoformulations gave rise to innovative strategies in the treatment of animal diseases. For example, antibiotics delivered on nanoplatforms demonstrated higher efficacy and lower toxicity and dosage requirements when compared to conventional pharmaceuticals, providing a possibility to solve antibiotic resistance issues. Nanoparticle-based drugs showed promising results in the treatment of animal parasitoses and neoplastic diseases. However, the latter area is currently more developed in human medicine. Owing to the size compatibility, nanomaterials have been applied as gene delivery vectors in veterinary gene therapy. Veterinary medicine is at the forefront of the development of innovative nanovaccines inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses. The paper provides a brief overview of current topics in nanomaterial safety, potential risks associated with the use of nanomaterials, and relevant regulatory aspects.

The article gives an overview of modern opinions about the ways of possible contamination of milk and dairy products by mycotoxyn. The key indicator of the presence of mycotoxins in milk and dairy products is the level to which micromycetes affect productive livestock’s feed. Yet, mycromycetes and mycotoxines do not always occur together: some test samples can contain certain micromycetes, but no mycotoxines. Mycotoxines are synthesised by micromycetes only under certain favourable conditions. The multi-chambered stomach ecosystem of lactating cows utilises most mycotoxins occurring in food. Only a small amount of those is excreted in milk. However, some mycotoxins can bind to milk caseins. In this case, cheese and other dairy products can contain far higher amounts of mycotoxins than at the initial stage of milk production. The paper compares the maximum permissible levels of mycotoxins in milk and in dairy products according to the regulations of Ukraine and the EU. It presents the mycotoxins isolated from secretions of mammary glands of humans and productive animals, and describes their effect on the body’s physiology. It also provides a structural diagram of how mycotoxins contaminate milk and dairy products following the path “Animal feed – dairy products.” We suggest four-stage assessment of the risks of mycotoxin contamination of milk and dairy products: Stage I – identifying the producer of mycotoxin (molecule, metabolites in feed, milk, and dairy products). Anamnesis; Stage II – constructing a sequence diagram. Inspecting all production stages to identify the main ways and periods of contamination, determining and describing the symptoms of contamination; Stage III – assessing how the intensity and duration of exposure to a mycotoxin and its metabolites are likely to effect on the body. Modelling the influence of mycotoxins on the body; Stage IV – assessing the risk and determining measures to eliminate or minimise it. Risk scenario forecast

Coordination of Physiological activity and intensity of metabolism of various organs and tissues of a Productive animal, depending on environmental conditions and own needs, is Provided by regulatory activity of the corresponding nerve centers. However, the features of autonomous regulation of the nervous system in this matter can have a significant impact not only on the Physiological activity of animals, but also on its Productivity. Therefore, the question of studying the influence of autonomous regulation on the animal body in general and the interaction of the autonomic system and lipid metabolism is quite relevant. Groups of animals were formed by determining the state of the cardiovascular system according to Baevsky. Blood Plasma was used for the study, lipid extraction was Performed by the Folch method. Fatty acid analysis was Performed on a Trace GC Ultra gas chromatograph (USA) with a flame ionization detector. Studies have shown that the relative content of saturated fatty acids (NFA) in the blood of normotonics was the highest, compared with other groups: sympathotonics – by 1.9%; vagotonics – 0.48%. Regarding the concentration of NLC in sympathotonics, it should be noted that the content of stearic acid in comparison with other groups was the highest (18.07 ± 0.0; 1 P < 0.001), and NLC from C6 to C16 were characterized by the lowest values in compared to other experimental groups (C6: 0, P < 0.05; C10: 0, P < 0.01; C16:0,  P <0.05). The total content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in the blood Plasma of animals classified as sympathotonics and vagotonics was 1.19% and 0.49% higher, respectively, compared to that of normotonics. Quite interesting is the fact that sympathotonics were characterized by the highest content of Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the content of which decreased in the range C18: 2n6 > C20: 4n6 > C18: 3n3 > C22: 6n3 > C22: 5n3, a similar sequence we observed in other groups, although the relative concentration of acids could fluctuate. Normotonics, even though they had the lowest content of NFA, compared to other experimental groups, still for some PUFA fatty acids (C18: 3n3, C22; 5n3, C22: 6n3) were characterized, compared to other groups, the highest rates (P < 0.05-0.01), while the NNLC (C18: 1n9, C20: 3n6) were the lowest. Thus, the type of nervous activity has a significant effect on the ratio of fatty acids in the blood Plasma of cows and autonomous regulation affects the Processes in the animal's body. Key words: cows, autonomous regulation, lipids, fatty acid composition

This article deals with the process of obtaining quality raw milk by analyzing its lipid composition. The lipid composition of raw milk depends on many factors, among which, first of all, is the species, the composition of the diet and the physiological state of the breast. In recent years, a large amount of data has accumulated on the fluctuations of certain lipid parameters of milk depending on the type, age, lactation, diet, time of year, exercise, animal husbandry technology, physiological state of the lactating organism in general and breast status in particular. Factors of regulation of fatty acid composition of raw milk: genetically determined parameters of quality and safety; fatty acid composition of the diet; synthesis of fatty acids by microorganisms of the digestive tract; synthesis of fatty acids in the breast; physiological state of the breast. The milk of each species of productive animals has its own specific lipid profile and is used in the formulation of certain dairy products to obtain the planned technological and nutritional parameters. Diagnosis of productive animals for subclinical mastitis involves the use of auxiliary (thermometry, thermography, electrical conductivity) and laboratory research methods: counting the number of somatic cells; use of specialized tests; microbiological studies of milk; biochemical studies of milk. The biochemical component in the diagnosis of subclinical forms of mastitis is underestimated. An increase in body temperature implies an increase in the intensity of heat release during the oxidation of substrates, sometimes due to a decrease in the intensity of synthesis of energy-intensive compounds. There are simply no other sources of energy in the body. The situation is the same with certain parts of the metabolism, which are aimed at the development of protective reactions to the etiological factor aimed at the defeat of the breast. That is why the biochemical composition of breast secretions in the absence of clinical signs of mastitis undergoes biochemical changes and the task of scientists is to develop mechanisms for clear tracking of such changes, identification of animals with subclinical forms of mastitis and effective treatment.

The uncontrolled antimicrobial agents use leads to the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains. The ingress of antibacterial drugs into surface water through sewage from livestock premises, people's houses, hospitals and during medical and agronomic activities exacerbates this problem. Antimicrobials in surface waters have several ways of developing the process: lethal interaction of antibiotics with hydrobionts, elimination of sensitive taxa and alteration of trophic chains; neutralization of antimicrobials (self-destruction of the molecule, hydrolysis, sorption, abiotic and biotic transformation); non-lethal interaction of antibiotics and hydrobionts with the acquisition of antibiotic resistance signs). There are following indicators proposed to predict the antimicrobial agents impact on the aquatic ecosystem: accumulation factor; the amount of substance per unit mass of plant or animal in one cubic meter of water (mg or mcg per 1m3); the maximum amount of a substance that can be contained in an ecosystem without disturbing its basic trophic properties. The basic principles of a dynamic chamber model construction for studying the effect of antibiotics on the ecosystem are based on the following basic statements: 1) the trophic chain is divided into the chambers in which substance is instantaneously mixed in all parts of the chamber in the same way in any direction; 2) the transfer of the substance from one chamber to another occurs according to the laws of first order kinetics, which is described by the system of differential equations. In this case, transition coefficients of a substance between the chambers are constant. It is advisable to use a dynamic chamber model to analyze the migration pathways of substances in a freshwater non-flowing reservoir. For instance, its simplified version consists of the 3 chambers, namely: water – sediments (silt) – biota. It is advisable to use a stationary chamber model for analysing the pathways of antibiotics which enter into the sea with the river flows. Key words: Antibiotics; Migration; Surface water; Chamber model. References Alonso-Díaz, A., Floriach-Clark, J., Fuentes, J., Capellades, M., Coll, N. S., & Laromaine, A. (2019). Enhancing Localized Pesticide Action through Plant Foliage by Silver-Cellulose Hybrid Patches. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 5(2), 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01171 Bogdanova, L.L., Frolov, I.B. (2016). Investigation of natamycin diffusion in the process of production and storage of semi-solid cheeses. Pyshchevaia promÑ–shlennost: nauka Ñ– tekhnolohyy, 3, 63–67 (in Russian). 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Effects of cosmetics on the skin microbiome of facial cheeks with different hydration levels. MicrobiologyOpen, 7(2), 1–14. http://DOI.org/10.1002/mbo3.557 Li, H., Shen, H., Fang, J., Zhang, J., & Ding, X. (2018). Rapid determination of 66 antibiotics in cosmetics using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap/Orbitrap...

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