Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease distinguished by four main subtypes based on the expression of estrogen, progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor-2 on the cancer cells. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) consists of approximately 10–20% of all BCs and is characterized by a poor prognosis. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare, special type of TNBC with low metastatic potential and usually favorable prognosis. There are no established recommendations concerning systemic therapy in advanced ACC. We present a case of a 70-year-old woman with locally advanced ACC with progression after radical mastectomy, and review the literature concerning the treatment of metastatic disease focused on systemic therapy.

Pulmonary nodules are mostly solitary focal opacities typically round or oval in shape, with a diameter of less than 3 cm. They are surrounded by aerated lung parenchyma or located subpleurally, and are not associated with abnormalities, such as lymphadenopathy or atelectasis. Pulmonary nodules are found in up to one-third of computed tomography scans taken in adults, whereas they are significantly less common in children. In adult patients, incidentally detected pulmonary nodules are more frequently associated with neoplastic processes, while they are primarily related to congenital disorders or inflammatory conditions in paediatric populations. The identification of single or multiple pulmonary nodules should always prompt an attempt to determine the likely aetiology. The so-called idiopathic nodules, for which no definitive cause can be established, are a particular subgroup. Although the majority of these lesions are benign in children, some may represent an early stage of malignancy. Due to the lack of standardised management guidelines for the paediatric population, clinical decisions regarding follow-up and further diagnostic workup are often challenging. This literature review outlines the potential causes of incidentally detected paediatric pulmonary nodules, from malignant tumours to other diseases that can present in this form, and discusses methods for assessing the malignant risk of pulmonary nodules in paediatric patients. Finally, a management strategy is proposed for asymptomatic pulmonary nodules detected on imaging, computed tomography in particular.

Perimenopause is associated with profound hormonal fluctuations that accelerate musculoskeletal decline, fat redistribution, and metabolic dysfunction in women. These changes increase the risk of sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and metabolic syndrome—conditions that substantially impair quality of life and elevate long-term morbidity. Despite the proven health benefits of physical activity, resistance training (RT) remains underutilized in this population. This review aimed to evaluate the role of RT as a preventive strategy against age-related muscle loss, bone density reduction, and metabolic disorders in perimenopausal women. A literature review was conducted using articles sourced from PubMed and Google Schoolar. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2010 and 2025, focusing on the impact of RT on bone mineral density, muscle mass and function, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in perimenopausal populations. RT was consistently associated with improved muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity, reducing the incidence and progression of sarcopenia. High-intensity RT protocols (≥70% 1-RM) also led to significant improvements in bone mineral density at critical skeletal sites. Moreover, RT enhanced basal metabolic rate, reduced visceral adiposity, improved insulin sensitivity, and positively influenced lipid profiles and systemic inflammation. Adherence was higher in supervised, flexible, and socially supportive environments. RT is a potent non-pharmacological intervention that counteracts the adverse musculoskeletal and metabolic effects of perimenopause. Given its wide-ranging benefits and favorable safety profile, RT should be integrated as a foundational component of preventive healthcare strategies for midlife women. However, further high-quality research is warranted to refine population-specific protocols and improve implementation strategies.

Introduction Groin pain is a prevalent and often persistent musculoskeletal issue among athletes, particularly in disciplines requiring rapid changes of direction, kicking, and high-intensity movements. Its multifactorial origin and overlapping symptomatology pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians and therapists. Proper classification, accurate assessment, and individualized management are crucial for the best outcomes and minimizing time away from sport. Aim of the Study This literature review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of groin pain in athletes, based on the latest evidence and clinical guidelines. The study also highlights the role of functional assessment and neuromuscular control in both rehabilitation and injury prevention. Materials and Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) to identify relevant studies, clinical guidelines, and systematic reviews published in recent years. This paper focuses on articles addressing the Doha agreement classification system, diagnostic modalities, rehabilitation strategies, and preventive programs targeting modifiable risk factors in athletic populations. Conclusion Groin pain management requires a multidisciplinary and individualized approach. The implementation of evidence-based classification systems and preventive strategies such as adductor strengthening, core stabilization, and proper load management can significantly reduce the incidence and recurrence of groin injuries. Future research should validate functional tests and refine preventive protocols to ensure greater efficacy and applicability in sport-specific contexts.

Introduction and Purpose: Creatine is a naturally occurring compound widely used as a supplement to enhance high-intensity exercise performance and increase muscle mass. Beyond its muscular benefits, creatine plays a key role in cellular energy homeostasis. There is growing interest in its potential cognitive and therapeutic applications, but several misconceptions about its safety and effects persist. Research Objective: The role of this article is to summarize current evidence on creatine supplementation in adults, focusing on its efficacy for physical performance, its safety profile and emerging roles in cognitive and other health domains. Materials and methods: A literature review of studies published from 2019–2024 in the PubMed database analyzed clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews on the effects of PA, using the following keywords: „creatine” ; „performance” ; „aging” ; „cognitive function” ; „depression”. Conclusions: Creatine monohydrate is recognized as the most effective supplement for increasing muscle strength and muscle mass, with consistent benefits observed in both athletes and older adults. Long-term use of recommended doses is well-tolerated. Emerging evidence suggests creatine may also support cognitive function and brain health. Future research should prioritize human studies exploring neurological and mental health applications.

Introduction and purpose Osteoid osteoma is a benign osteogenic tumor most commonly diagnosed in adolescents and young adults, predominantly males. It typically presents with nocturnally exacerbated bone pain responsive to NSAIDs, attributed to prostaglandin overproduction within the nidus. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, classification, and management strategies for osteoid osteoma. State of knowledge: Although small in size, osteoid osteomas often cause significant morbidity due to intense, localized pain. Conventional radiographs may be inconclusive, especially in atypical cases, necessitating the use of computed tomography as the diagnostic gold standard. Advances in image-guided therapies have largely replaced traditional surgery. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has become the first-line treatment due to its high success rate, low recurrence, and rapid functional recovery. Alternative modalities like cryotherapy and laser ablation are effective in select scenarios. Materials and methods: A review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, concerning osteoid osteoma published between 2000 and 2024. Conclusions: Osteoid osteoma is a curable condition with excellent prognosis when appropriately managed. Accurate diagnosis and tailored intervention—particularly with minimally invasive techniques—enable full symptom resolution in most patients.