Cool roof coatings are being applied on rooftops to reflect solar irradiance back into the atmosphere. Bifacial photovoltaic modules can receive solar irradiance from the front and rear side. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of reflected irradiance caused by cool roof coating (CRC) on the performance of bifacial photovoltaic (bPV) modules and monofacial photovoltaic (mPV) modules. According to the experiments, cool roof coating is an efficient way to increase the output and efficiency of solar modules. Experimental results show that for cool roof coating based on TiO₂ and FC resin with an average albedo of 0.63, the peak power output of the bifacial photovoltaic module is increased by 3.29% and its highest peak power efficiency is 18.1%. A peak power bifacial gain of 15.6% is seen. Due to a 1.3 °C decrease in temperature, the monofacial photovoltaic module power output also increased by 0.24%.

In order to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for energy, wind power generation is a viable and sustainable option. However, the variable wind speed results in variable output power, which adversely affects the stability of the power system. The transients in the wind energy conversion system (WECS) output power, such as greater value of overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error degrade the power system stability and need to be minimized as much as possible. To address this issue, various techniques have been proposed in the literature. In this study, we propose a novel state-of-the-art approach to design and implement controllers. Four different controllers are designed and implemented to optimize the efficiency of WECS by regulating the rotor current of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). To improve the system's efficiency and reduce transients, a proportional-integral (PI) controller is first developed and implemented to minimize steady-state errors. Then, a fuzzy controller is developed and implemented to control the overshoot to a minimum. Then a hybrid of PI and Fuzzy combines the effect of both controllers and provides effective control of the system output. Next, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller is developed and implemented to get control of the system. While operating in a range of variable wind speeds, controller performance is evaluated based on their ability to dampen rotor current transients such as percentage overshoot, settling time, and steady state error (SSE). The results reveal that ANFIS performs better.

Operating temperature and outdoor contaminants strongly influence photovoltaic (PV) performance, particularly in hot, dust‐prone regions, where elevated cell temperature increases irreversible losses and surface soiling reduces optical transmittance. This study experimentally evaluates the energy, exergy, and environmental performance of a phase change material (PCM)‐integrated PV module under real outdoor exposure. Two identical 10 W polycrystalline PV panels were installed on the rooftop of HITEC University, Taxila, Pakistan (33.7°N, 72.8°E) during peak summer operation (08:00–17:00). One panel served as a reference, and the other incorporated an RT44HC PCM on the rear side for passive thermal regulation. Critical parameters such as solar irradiance, ambient conditions, module temperature, electrical output, electrical conversion efficiency, energy performance ratio (EPR), and exergy efficiency were tracked by calibrated sensors and a data acquisition system. These results demonstrate that PCM integration effectively suppresses thermal rise, resulting in a 20–21°C drop in peak module temperature compared to the reference panel. Thus, the PCM‐cooled module exhibited enhanced electrical performance, achieving 18.6%–73.7% rated EPR vs. 15.86%–72.5% for the uncooled panel, and increased electrical conversion efficiency throughout the day. The analysis revealed lower thermodynamic irreversibility and an overall exergy efficiency of 7.44%−13.02% for the PCM configuration. An environmental assessment conducted over a 6‐week natural dust exposure period showed power degradation of up to 6.74%, thereby establishing soiling as a nonnegligible loss mechanism. Overall, this work provides a combined outdoor assessment of thermal regulation and dust‐induced degradation in PCM‐integrated PV modules, supporting their suitability for high‐climate conditions and highlighting the need for complementary soiling‐mitigation strategies.

Energy reduction is a crucial problem in building load management in Pakistan since residential energy use is mostly focused on providing thermal comfort. Under severe weather, windows, which are infamous for having weak thermal barriers, significantly increase energy losses. Phase change materials (PCM) and transparent insulation materials (TIM), which have high thermal inertia, might potentially reduce energy consumption when used in windows. In this work, three different window designs are compared and examined, and their impact on interior temperature is evaluated using ANSYS Fluent numerical simulations. The study’s conclusions highlight the fact that PCM-based windows show very little temperature change during melting, highlighting their significant potential to reduce energy use. Moreover, PCM efficiently absorbs over 90% of incident heat, highlighting its importance in advancing energy efficiency in Pakistan’s building industry.