Climate change presents numerous challenges for agriculture, including frequent events of plant abiotic stresses such as elevated temperatures that lead to heat stress (HS). As the primary driving factor of climate change, HS threatens global food security and biodiversity. In recent years, HS events have negatively impacted plant physiology, reducing plant’s ability to maintain disease resistance and resulting in lower crop yields. Plants must adapt their priorities toward defense mechanisms to tolerate stress in challenging environments. Furthermore, selective breeding and long-term domestication for higher yields have made crop varieties vulnerable to multiple stressors, making them more susceptible to frequent HS events. Studies on climate change predict that concurrent HS and biotic stresses will become more frequent and severe in the future, potentially occurring simultaneously or sequentially. While most studies have focused on singular stress effects on plant systems to examine how plants respond to specific stresses, the simultaneous occurrence of HS and biotic stresses pose a growing threat to agricultural productivity. Few studies have explored the interactions between HS and plant–biotic interactions. Here, we aim to shed light on the physiological and molecular effects of HS and biotic factor interactions (bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, nematodes, insect pests, pollinators, weedy species, and parasitic plants), as well as their combined impact on crop growth and yields. We also examine recent advances in designing and developing various strategies to address multi-stress scenarios related to HS and biotic factors.

Climate change has emerged as one of the most critical factor of biodiversity loss worldwide, profoundly influencing avian populations through changes in temperature, precipitation and extreme weather events. Birds, being highly sensitive to environmental changes, act as effective bioindicators of ecosystem change. This review evaluates the multifaceted impacts of climate change on birds, focusing on phenology, migration, breeding biology, survival, population dynamics, physiological stress and conservation strategies. Global warming has altered migration timing, disrupted breeding synchrony and increased reproductive failures, particularly among insectivorous and montane species. Rising temperatures and irregular rainfall patterns have reshaped food availability and nesting success while intensified heatwaves and disease outbreaks contribute to direct mortality. In India, regions like Gujarat and Sikkim exhibit clear evidence of climate-induced shifts in avian distribution, breeding failures and mass mortality during heat events. Conservation responses include vulnerability assessment, ecosystem restoration, creation of habitat corridors and public initiatives promoting sustainable lifestyles. Integrating scientific research with policy actions such as India’s Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) Mission can mitigate climate impacts and strengthen avian resilience. The findings underscore the urgency of adaptive conservation planning, habitat restoration and public engagement to safeguard bird diversity in a rapidly changing climate.