Bu çalışmada Büyük Menderes Nehri’nde (Aydın) yakalanan Scardinius erythrophthalmus (kızılkanat) ve Anguilla anguilla (yılan balığı) tatlı su balığı türlerinin kas dokusundaki yağ asidi bileşimlerinin karakterize edilmesi ve ω3/ω6 yağ asidi oranlarının belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Balıkların kas doku örneklerinden elde edilen yağ asidi metil esterleri gaz kromatografisi (GC) ile analiz edildi. En bol bulunan doymuş yağ asitleri S. erythrophthalmus türünde stearik asit C18:0 (%24.554±0.249); A. anguilla türünde ise palmitik asit C16:0 (%19.49±0.643) olarak tespit edildi. Her iki balık türündeki tekli doymamış yağ asitleri için ise en büyük yüzdeye sahip olanlar oleik asit C18:1 ω9 (S. erythrophthalmus türünde %18.03±0.520; A. anguilla türünde % 33.44±0.336) ve palmitoleik asit C16:1 ω7 (S. erythrophthalmus türünde %9.916±0.484; A. anguilla türünde %10.96±0.753) olarak belirlendi. Eikosapentaenoik asit (EPA) C20:5 ω3 ve dokosaheksaenoik asit (DHA) C22:6 ω3 değerleri S. erythrophthalmus ve A. anguilla türleri için analiz edildi ve sırasıyla %5.68±0.406; %3.72±0.242 ve %3.87±0.505; %9.24±0.583 oranlarında tayin edildi. ω3/ω6 çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri oranı S. erythrophthalmus türünde 1.48; A. anguilla türünde ise 2.29 olarak belirlendi. Bu çalışmada insan beslenmesinde önemli rol oynayan ω-3 PUFA ailesinden EPA ve DHA’nın toplam miktarı yönünden A. anguilla ‘nın daha zengin olduğu tespit edildi. ω3/ω6 oranlarının 1’den yüksek olduğu bulgusu her iki tatlı su balığının ω-3 yağ asitlerinin iyi bir kaynağı olduğunu gösterdi. Büyük Menderes Nehri’nde yaşayan bu balık türlerinin bölge halkının beslenmesine uygun olduğu ve daha verimli tüketilmesi adına çalışmaların arttırılması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.

Objective: Lignans are important biologically active compounds in diphenolic structure. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a significant type of lignan known to have anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the antiproliferative activity properties of SDG on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), colorectal cancer cells (DLD-1), lung carcinoma (A549), and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines. Material and Method: Cell viability of cancer cells was determined by the MTT method after treatment with various concentrations of SDG at 48 or 72 hours. The DFT (Density Functional Theory) analysis of the SDG was performed using Spartan'10 and visualized. Drug-likeness and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME-Tox) properties of this compound were examined. Molecular docking was carried out to research the biological activity of SDG. Result and Discussion: Our results showed that SDG exhibited significant cytotoxicity only against DLD-1 cells with IC50 value of 37.45 µM, but inactive against other cancer cell lines as in vitro. 4UYA, which biomarker for colon cancer, is the crystal structure of the MLK4 kinase domain. The binding energy value for the SDG-MLK4 kinase domain was calculated as -6.1 kcal/mol. Anticancer potential was verified by in vitro assay and in silico molecular docking study. In conclusion, this study revealed the protective aspect of SDG against colon cancer and showed that it has promising anticancer activity.

Hypoxia plays an important role in tumor phenotype and progression and alters glycolysis, with changes in signaling pathways that develop in response to hypoxia. In this study, the effects of oxygen (normoxia/hypoxia) and of glucose levels on the glucose metabolism was investigated in MCF-7 cancer cells. Under either normoxia or hypoxia conditions, the cells were exposed to glucose at different concentrations (0, 5.5, 15 or 55 mM) for either 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48 h. In all groups, cell viability, levels of key enzymes reflecting glycolytic metabolism in cell lysates, glucose consumed in the medium and extracellular lactate levels and wound closure percentages were determined. In hypoxic cells, intracellular consumption of glucose, and extracellular lactate levels due to increased glucose concentration were observed to be higher (compared to normoxia) and as a result of prolonged exposure to hypoxia, cells were observed to develop resistance to the prolonged exposure to hypoxia. The number of glycolytic enzymes obtained at different levels proved that cells had different potential capacities and changing mechanisms for the metabolic needs of the cell depending on the glucose amount in the medium and time in adapting to the oxygen tension. This study showed that there was an important interaction between hypoxia and glucose metabolism in general, and it was concluded that metabolic processes activated by hypoxia could offer new therapeutic targets.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of glutathione (GSH) on chemotherapy-related toxicities in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line treated with paclitaxel (PTX) by cell viability and oxsidative stres parameters. Materials and Methods: Cells were treated with glutathione (2.5-20 mM) and paclitaxel (0.001-100 µM) for 24, 48 and 72 hours, after which cell viability was determined by WST-1 assay. IC50 values were calculated from the data obtained. Following combination analyses, the combination index was calculated and the levels of glutathione, total oxidant species (TOS) and total antioxidant species (TAS) were measured in cell lysates exposed to the indicated combinations for 72 hours. Results: In the study, it was determined that the cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel decreased as the amount of glutathion used in the combinations increased and glutathion concentrations above 10 mM showed antagonistic effect with paclitaxel. Conclusion: In patients with breast cancer, the administration of appropriate doses of glutathione in combination with chemotherapy may prove beneficial in reducing the adverse effects associated with oxidative stress.

Breast cancer is recognized as one of the most common cancers worldwide that can lead to death. Alternative treatment options are needed due to drug resistance caused by current treatment methods such as chemotherapy, inclusion of healthy cells in the target, and possible side effects. In this context, there is great interest in natural compounds and their active metabolites. One of these is flaxseed (FS), which is one of the most studied foods to be associated with breast cancer. FS is a functional food with high nutritional value. FS components (fatty acids, fiber, and lignans) and especially the basic lignan structure in FS content, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and its metabolites enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) have beneficial effects on breast cancer progression. This review aimed to develop a perspective for further research on this type of cancer in the future by giving some general information about FS and its components and evaluating some studies showing potential effects on breast cancer.

Introduction: N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are considered important preferred auxiliary ligands for transition metals due to their strong σ-donor and weak π-acceptor properties and ease of structural modification in catalyst design. The functionalization of NHC by adding different substituent groups is an effective strategy for designing complexes with desired electronic and steric properties. NHC–Pd complexes are of particular importance due to their resistance to air, moisture and heat and their strong stability under catalytic and biological conditions. It is known that NHC–Pd complexes show excellent performance in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The traditional Suzuki–Miyaura reaction involves the cross-coupling reaction of alkyl and arylboronic acids with aryl halides. This reaction has some advantages over other C-C coupling reactions. The use of water as a suitable and reliable solvent in the reaction, the fact that the reaction products are generally poorly soluble in water and can be easily separated from the reaction mixture, the use of non-toxic chemicals, the moderation of reaction conditions, and good functional group compatibility make it useful and worth studying. There are many examples of studies on the application of NHC–Pd complexes in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in aqueous media, and the highly effective catalytic activities and versatility of these reactions have been proven. Methods: In this study, a series of benzimidazole-based Pd–NHC complexes were synthesized. The synthesized complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods. All complexes were tested as catalysts in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Results: According to the obtained results, the synthesized benzimidazole-based Pd–NHC complexes were found to have high catalytic activity in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Conclusions: The synthesized NHC-Pd complexes can be used as potential catalysts due to their high catalytic activity. It is thought that these catalysts can be used in different biochemical studies in the future.