Neurovascular coupling (NVC) refers to the dynamic regulation of cerebral blood flow via neuronal activity, a mechanism crucial for maintaining normal brain function. This review elucidates the intricate physiological mechanisms underlying NVC, emphasizing the coordinated roles of neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells in mediating activity-induced changes in blood flow. We examine how NVC is impaired in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and stroke, where the dysfunction of this coupling contributes to neurodegeneration and neurological deficits. A broad range of techniques for assessing NVC is discussed—encompassing the established modalities like transcranial Doppler, near-infrared spectroscopy, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), as well as emerging technologies such as functional ultrasound imaging and miniaturized endoscopy that enable high-resolution monitoring in deep brain regions. We also highlight the computational modeling approaches for simulating NVC dynamics and identify the novel biomarkers of NVC dysfunction with potential utility in early diagnosis. Finally, emerging translational applications—including neuromodulation techniques and targeted pharmacological interventions—are explored as means to restore normal neurovascular function. These advancements underscore the clinical significance of NVC research, paving the way for improved diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies in neurological disorders.

Introduction: Klebsiella michiganensis, a significant member of the Klebsiella oxytoca complex, has emerged as a potential pathogen in clinical settings. Despite extensive research on the Klebsiella pneumoniae complex, the pathogenicity and drug resistance of the K. oxytoca complex remain understudied, particularly regarding the reconstruction of whole genomes from metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) data.Methods: In this study, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from a 55-year-old woman with a suspected right lung infection in Anhui Province, China, was analyzed using mNGS.Results: Three distinct assembly strategies were employed to reconstruct the genome of K. michiganensis, leading to the identification of a novel ST452 strain, KMLRT2206. Comprehensive genomic analysis of this strain and 206 clinical isolates (genomes downloaded from public databases) revealed the population structure, distribution of drug resistance genes, and virulence factors of K. michiganensis. The results demonstrated significant genetic diversity, with the species divided into three major clades, each exhibiting distinct patterns of drug resistance and virulence genes. Notably, 38.6% of the strains harbored the bla_OXY–1–1 gene, highlighting a potential threat of drug resistance. While virulence gene distribution was not correlated with sequence type (ST), significant differences were observed among clades.Conclusion: This study underscores the value of mNGS combined with optimized assembly strategies for accurate species identification within the K. oxytoca complex, providing critical insights for clinical pathogen detection and epidemiological surveillance.

Accurate detection of residual jellyfish venom is crucial for species identification and clinical management post-envenomation. We developed a highly specific immunoassay for Nemopilema nomurai venom using polyclonal antibodies (titer: 1:256,000). The established i-ELISA exhibited linear detection (0–20 ng/mL) with low variability (intra-plate CV: 0.77–2.78%; inter-plate CV: 2.25–5.17%). The kit demonstrated remarkable thermal stability (1-year shelf life at 4 °C. It showed significantly higher sensitivity for N. nomurai venom than venoms from Rhopilema esculentum, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, Cyanea melanaster, scorpions, or bees (p < 0.01). Validation in murine/human skin envenomation models and serum from systemically intoxicated mice confirmed the reproducibility and stability of residual toxins. This study developed a highly sensitive, specific, reproducible, and stable i-ELISA for Nemopilema nomurai venom, providing a methodological basis for creating diagnostic kits for marine envenomation.