Adulteration of higher priced milks with cheaper ones to obtain extra profit can adversely affect consumer health and the market. In this study, pure buffalo milk (BM), goat milk (GM), camel milk (CM), and their mixtures with 5–50% (vol/vol) cow milk or water were used. Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) combined with modern statistical machine learning was used for the discrimination and quantification of cow milk or water adulteration in BM, GM, and CM. Compared to partial least squares (PLS), modern statistical machine learning—especially support vector machines (SVM), projection pursuit regression (PPR), and Bayesian regularized neural networks (BRNN)—exhibited superior performance for the detection of adulteration. The best prediction models for the different predictive traits are as follows: The binary classification models developed by SVM resulted in differentiation of CM-cow milk, and GM/CM-water mixtures. PLS resulted in differentiation of BM/GM-cow milk and BM-water mixtures. All of the above models have 100% classification accuracy. SVM was used to develop multi-classification models for identifying the high and low proportions of cow milk in BM, GM, and CM, as well as the high and low proportions of water adulteration in BM and GM, with correct classification rates of 94%, 100%, 100%, 99%, and 100%, respectively. In addition, a PLS-based model was developed for identifying the high and low proportions of water adulteration in CM, with correct classification rates of 100%. A regression model for quantifying cow milk in BM was developed using PCA + BRNN, with RMSEV = 5.42%, and R_V² = 0.88. A regression model for quantifying water adulteration in BM was developed using PCA + PPR, with RMSEV = 1.70%, and R_V² = 0.99. Modern statistical machine learning improved the accuracy of MIRS in predicting BM, GM, and CM adulteration more effectively than PLS.

Mastitis (MAS), endometritis (MET), and ketosis (KET) are prevalent diseases in dairy cows that result in substantial economic losses for the dairy farming industry. This study gathered 26,014 records of the health and sickness of dairy cows and 99,102 data of reproduction from 13 Holstein dairy farms in Central China; the milk protein and milk fat content from 56,640 milk samples, as well as the pedigree data of 37,836 dairy cows were obtained. The logistic regression method was used to analyze the variations in the prevalence rates of MAS, MET, and KET among various parities; the mixed linear model was used to examine the effects of the three diseases on milk production, milk quality, and reproductive traits. DMU software (version 5.2) utilized the DMUAI module in conjunction with the single-trait and two-trait animal model, as well as best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), to estimate the genetic parameters for the three diseases, milk production, milk quality, and reproductive traits in dairy cows. The primary findings of the investigation comprised the following: (1) The prevalence rates of MAS, MET, and KET in dairy farms were 20.04%, 10.68%, and 7.33%, respectively. (2) MAS and MET had a substantial impact (p < 0.01) on milk production, resulting in significant decreases of 112 kg and 372 kg in 305-d Milk Yield (305-d MY), 4 kg and 12 kg in 305-d Protein Yield (305-d PY), and 6 kg and 16 kg in 305-d Fat Yield (305-d FY). As a result of their excessive 305-d MY, some cows were diagnosed with KET due to glucose metabolism disorder. The 305-d MY of cows with KET was significantly higher than that of healthy cows (205 kg, p < 0.01). (3) All three diseases resulted in an increase in the Interval from Calving to First Service (CTFS, 0.60–1.50 d), Interval from First Service to Conception (FSTC, 0.20–16.20 d), Calving Interval (CI, 4.00–7.00 d), and Number of Services (NUMS, 0.07–0.35). (4) The heritabilities of cows with MAS, MET, and KET were found to be low, with values of 0.09, 0.01, and 0.02, respectively. The genetic correlation between these traits ranged from 0.14 to 0.44. This study offers valuable insights on the prevention and control of the three diseases, as well as feeding management and genetic breeding.

Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) is increasingly used as a rapid and effective analytical method for the quantitative prediction of detailed milk composition, such as minerals, fatty acids, and AA. These analyses require the transportation of samples to a certified laboratory. In this case, storage time may affect MIRS and its prediction results. This study aimed to determine the effect of milk storage time on MIRS and its predictions of AA content. A total of 373 individual milk samples for the development of AA content prediction equations were collected from 7 commercial dairy farms (dataset 1), and 103 individual milk samples for the analysis of the effect of storage time were collected from 2 farms (dataset 2). First, separate quantitative prediction models based on dataset 1 were developed for each AA using partial least squares regression; the accuracy of prediction was assessed using a cross-validation set. Second, repeatability and reproducibility of the predictions of AA were calculated using milk samples in dataset 2, whose spectra were measured once a day for 7 consecutive days after sampling storing at 4°C, to assess the effect of storage time on the consistency of MIRS predicted AA content. Moderate to high prediction accuracy of AA was achieved, with the ratio of performance to deviation of the cross-validation set and the R² of the cross-validation set being in the range of 1.59 (Gly) to 2.39 (Leu), and from 0.58 (Gly) to 0.79 (Leu), respectively. Results demonstrated that the absorbance of spectral points was affected by milk storage time, especially in the absorption areas associated with fat, protein, lactose, SCC, urea, and acetone. However, the predictions of all the AA by MIRS were repeatable and reproducible across different milk storage times until 6 d after sampling, except for Tyr, His, and Phe, with repeatability and reproducibility both greater than or close to 90%. In conclusion, for milk stored at 4°C and preserved with bronopol, MIRS can provide relatively consistent and accurate predictions for AA content for 0 to 6 d after milk collection. However, a shorter storage time, such as within 3 d after collection, is recommended when conditions permit.

Accurate identification of cows' likelihood of conception during the period from recent calving to the first artificial insemination (AI) will provide assistance in managing the fertility of dairy cows and contribute to the economic prosperity and sustainability of the farm. The purpose of this study was to use FTIR spectroscopy collected from recent calving to the first artificial insemination (AI) to predict the cow's likelihood of conception to first AI, first or second AI. This study specifically focused on the role of FTIR spectral and farm data collected at different time windows in improving the accuracy of model for predicting the cow's likelihood of conception to first AI, first or second AI. From 2019 to 2023, fertility information of 10,873 Holstein dairy cows in China were collected, coupled with 21,928 spectral data. First, cows were classified into "good" and "poor." Strategy 1 (S1) defined "good" as cows conceived at first AI and "poor" as the others. Strategy 2 (S2) defined "good" as cows conceived at first or second AI and "poor" as the others. Second, the partial least squares discriminant analysis was used to establish models for predicting the likelihood of conception to first AI, first or second AI. The model was assessed using a cross-validation (CV) set and herd-independent-external validation (HEV) set. The study also focused on examining the potential correlation between the accuracy of prediction and the period of spectral and farm data collection by analyzing the diagnostic performance of the model at 8 different time windows: '0 to 7 d postpartum (dpp)', '8 to 14 dpp', '15 to 21 dpp', '22 to 30 dpp', '31 to 45 dpp', '46 to 60 dpp', ' ≥ 61 dpp', and '0 to 7 d before the first AI'. The results showed that the model based on S1 performed better while in proximity to the first AI with AUC_CV and AUC_HEV of 0.621 and 0.633, respectively. Models based on S2 exhibited superior performance throughout the late phase of uterine involution. The optimal model was developed by using spectral data collected from '22 to 30 dpp'. The AUC_CV and AUC_HEV were 0.644 and 0.660, respectively, which was higher than that of S1. This study demonstrates the potential of using FTIR spectral data to predict the cow's ability to conceive. The model developed from data collected within a certain time window exhibited better prediction accuracy, particularly during 22 to 30 dpp and 0 to 7 d before the first AI. This study offers novel perspectives on alternate approaches for assessing the fertility of cows, which will contribute to the regularization and sustainability of farms, as well as to the precision management of agriculture.

The somatic cell count (SCC) and differential somatic cell count (DSCC) are proxies for the udder health of dairy cattle, regarded as the criterion of mastitis identification with healthy, suspicious mastitis, mastitis, and chronic/persistent mastitis. However, SCC and DSCC are tested using flow cytometry, which is expensive and time-consuming, particularly for DSCC analysis. Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of milk constituents with great advantages, being cheap, non-destructive, fast, and high-throughput. The objective of this study is to develop a dairy cattle udder health status diagnostic model of MIR. Data on milk composition, SCC, DSCC, and MIR from 2288 milk samples collected in dairy farms were analyzed using the CombiFoss 7 DC instrument (FOSS, Hilleroed, Denmark). Three MIR spectral preprocessing methods, six modeling algorithms, and three different sets of MIR spectral data were employed in various combinations to develop several diagnostic models for mastitis of dairy cattle. The MIR diagnostic model of effectively identifying the healthy and mastitis cattle was developed using a spectral preprocessing method of difference (DIFF), a modeling algorithm of Random Forest (RF), and 1060 wavenumbers, abbreviated as “DIFF-RF-1060 wavenumbers”, and the AUC reached 1.00 in the training set and 0.80 in the test set. The other MIR diagnostic model of effectively distinguishing mastitis and chronic/persistent mastitis cows was “DIFF-SVM-274 wavenumbers”, with an AUC of 0.87 in the training set and 0.85 in the test set. For more effective use of the model on dairy farms, it is necessary and worthwhile to gather more representative and diverse samples to improve the diagnostic precision and versatility of these models.

Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-MIRS) can be used for quantitative detection of milk components. Here, milk samples of 458 Chinese Holstein cows from 11 provinces in China were collected and we established a total of 22 quantitative prediction models in milk fatty acids by FT-MIRS. The coefficient of determination of the validation set ranged from 0.59 (C18:0) to 0.76 (C4:0). The models were adopted to predict the milk fatty acids from 2138 cows and a new high-throughput computing software HiBLUP was employed to construct a multi-trait model to estimate and analyze genetic parameters in dairy cows. Finally, genome-wide association analysis was performed and seven novel SNPs significantly associated with fatty acid content were selected, investigated, and verified with the FarmCPU method, which stands for “Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification”. The findings of this study lay a foundation and offer technical support for the study of fatty acid trait breeding and the screening and grouping of characteristic dairy cows in China with rich, high-quality fatty acids. It is hoped that in the future, the method established in this study will be able to screen milk sources rich in high-quality fatty acids.