The successful return of Chang’E-5 (CE5) samples urges the hot topic of the study of the Moon in geochemistry. The elemental data of the analyzed moon samples reported in the literature were collected to determine the elemental abundances in moon samples. Based on 2365 analytical records of moon samples from ten missions of Apollo, Luna, and CE5, elemental abundances of 11 major oxides including Cr₂O₃, 50 trace elements including Ti, P, Mn, Cr, and 15 rare earth elements (REEs) including Y are derived based on statistical distributions of normal, log-normal, and additive log-ratio transformation, respectively. According to the value of 13.5% CaO content, moon samples are classified into two types, as low-Ca and high-Ca samples, whose elemental abundances are also calculated respectively based on the methods used in the total moon samples. With respect to the mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) of the Earth, moon samples (including the Moon, low-Ca, and high-Ca samples) are rich in Cr, REEs, Th, U, Pb, Zr, Hf, Cs, Ba, W, and Be and poor in Na, V, Cu, and Zn in terms of their concentrations, and are enriched in Cr and depleted in Na, K, Rb, P, V, Cu, Zn in spider diagrams. The CE5 sample is a low-Ca type of moon sample and is clearly rich in Ti, Fe, Mn, P, Sc, REEs, Th, U, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Sr, Ba, W, and Be and poor in Mg, Al, Cr, and Ni in terms of their concentrations relative to the moon or the low-Ca samples. If compared with the moon sample, the CE5 sample is also clearly rich in K, REE, and P.

With the development of the economy and society, the environmental problems caused by heavy metals have always been the focus of attention. Strong concern has been recently shown for the heavy metal pollution of soils in southwestern China. The heavy metals of surface soils in the Xinping area of Yunnan province, China are surveyed along with some crop samples. There are 3312 surface soils and 95 crop samples collected in about 370 square kilometers. Heavy metals including As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb and pH are analyzed. New single and integrated pollution indices of heavy metals for soils (PI and PI_n) and crops (PI^c and PI_n^c) based on Chinese criteria (GB15618-2018 and GB2762-2022) are described and presented here and used to assess the pollution status of heavy metals. The results indicate that the background level of surface soils is about 62.1%, the screening level is about 33.4%, and the intervention level is about 4.5%, which is mainly a result from Cr and spatially coincides with the peridotite rock, indicating a geogenic pollution source. Most crop samples are not contaminated with heavy metals. Comparing the results of the two integrated pollution indices between soils and crops, two inconsistent assessments are observed. One is that some contaminated crops are growing in unpolluted areas (or Type I) and the other is that some uncontaminated crops are growing in polluted areas (or Type II). This indicates a new challenge between the assessment criteria on soils and crops.

The issues related to soil environmental contamination caused by heavy metals have garnered increasing attention. In particular, the soil pollution risk in the eastern coastal regions of China has attracted widespread concern. This study surveyed heavy metals in the soils near the Jiahe River Basin of Yantai City in Shandong Province, China. A total of 213 soils were sampled and analyzed for 12 items: Cr, Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, V, Mn, and pH. The 11 heavy metals were evaluated using the national standard GB15618-2018, with three risk levels of background, screening, and intervention, and using pollution indices, including the contamination factor (C_f), ecological risk factor (Er), enrichment factor (EF), and index of geo-accumulation (I_geo), with different respective risk levels. The results indicate a strong consistency between the evaluations both for the index I_geo and for GB15618-2018 on five metals (i.e., Cr, Hg, As, Pb, and Cd). Therefore, the index I_geo may serve as a supplementary indicator for assessing the pollution risks of heavy metals in agricultural soils regarding samples of Cu, Ni, and Zn that exceed the screening values in GB15618-2018, as well as for Co, V, and Mn, which have not yet been established in GB15618-2018. According to the three-level classification of risk in GB15618-2018, the seven commonly used levels of the index I_geo are also incorporated into the three levels of background, screening, and intervention. The overall pollution risk of 11 heavy metals in the soils of the Jiahe River Basin of Yantai City belongs to the background level. Specifically, Hg and Pb in the total area are classified at the background level. Manganese, V, Co, Zn, Ni, and Cr are recognized at the screening level sporadically, while Cu, As, and Cd are found at the screening level in small areas. No areas within the region are classified at the intervention level.