Postpartum depression (PPD) is a disorder that impairs the formation of the relationship between mother and child, and reduces the quality of life for affected women to a functionally significant degree. Studying markers associated with PPD can help in early detection, prevention, or monitoring treatment. The purpose of this paper is to review biomarkers linked to PPD and to present selected theories on the pathogenesis of the disease based on data from biomarker studies. The complex etiology of the disorder reduces the specificity and sensitivity of markers, but they remain a valuable source of information to help clinicians. The biggest challenge of the future will be to translate high-tech methods for detecting markers associated with postpartum depression into more readily available and less costly ones. Population-based studies are needed to test the utility of potential PPD markers.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a disorder that impairs the formation of the relationship between mother and child, and reduces the quality of life for affected women to a functionally significant degree. Studying markers associated with PPD can help in early detection, prevention, or monitoring treatment. The purpose of this paper is to review biomarkers linked to PPD and to present selected theories on the pathogenesis of the disease based on data from biomarker studies. The complex etiology of the disorder reduces the specificity and sensitivity of markers, but they remain a valuable source of information to help clinicians. The biggest challenge of the future will be to translate high-tech methods for detecting markers associated with postpartum depression into more readily available and less costly ones. Population-based studies are needed to test the utility of potential PPD markers.

Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health condition that may develop following exposure to severe traumatic events, including mass shootings. Although less than 10% of those exposed ultimately develop PTSD, a substantial proportion of patients, up to 52%, also meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), which is associated with more severe symptoms and poorer treatment outcomes. Materials and methods: A review of chosen literature from PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted, using key words including "PTSD", "MDD", "comorbidity" "symptoms", "treatment". Summary: This review synthesises recent studies examining the prevalence, symptom profiles, and treatment responses in individuals with comorbid PTSD and MDD following mass shootings. Findings indicate that PTSD prevalence varies considerably according to trauma type and exposure level, with direct and indirect exposures exerting distinct influences on symptomatology. Conclusions: Comorbid MDD appears to exacerbate functional impairments and may attenuate the effectiveness of standard PTSD interventions. Evidence suggests that early intervention, comprehensive assessment of trauma and risk factors, and tailored therapeutic approaches, including sequential treatment strategies, are critical in mitigating long-term psychological and functional impairments in this population. These results underscore the need for improved screening, intervention, and support systems for survivors of mass shootings to enhance recovery and long-term outcomes.

Introduction:Pulmonary hypertension is a chronic cardiovascular disease defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of > 20 mmHg, as measured by right heart catheterization (RHC). Rhythm disturbances are relatively common in this condition and significantly worsen patient prognosis. Elucidating the mechanisms that drive arrhythmia development may help identify therapeutic intervention strategies to enhance patient outcomes. Materials and methods:We performed a literature review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical impact of cardiac arrhythmias in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) and Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH), analysing registry data, histopathological and electrophysiological studies, and clinical outcomes. Results:Supraventricular arrhythmias (SVA) occur in 10–33 % of patients, rising to ~30 % over 10 years. Key mechanisms include atrial stretch and fibrosis, autonomic imbalance, and right ventricular ischemia. Arrhythmias correlate with reduced cardiac output, impaired exercise capacity, and increased mortality. Conclusions:Early detection and maintenance of sinus rhythm enhance survival and functional capacity, highlighting the necessity of research and interventions directed at atrial remodelling, neurohormonal modulation and myocardial ischaemia.

Introduction: Alcohol consumption is still high. We can distinguish people who drink heavily, binge drink or people diagnosed with AUD. These people have to fight against unabated temptations during the treatment of their addiction. We decided to check whether exposure to alcohol advertisements in the media actually has a negative impact on the process of treating alcoholism. Materials and methods: A review of chosen literature from PubMed, and Google Scholar was conducted, using key words including "alcohol", "advertising", "marketing" "social media", "addiction". Summary: Nowadays, the Internet and its resources seem to make life easier, but they can often put us to the test when we watch advertisements that affect our brain. Unfortunately, more and more alcohol advertisements can be found in the broadly understood media. When advertisements, and especially alcohol advertisements, affect the reward system in the brain in the same way as alcohol consumption itself, people undergoing therapy have to do titanic work to be able to push away these temptations. Conclusions: The found works on the mechanism of alcohol addiction, as well as the impact of advertisements on human thinking and brain allowed us to conclude that alcohol advertising can indeed hinder the process of treating addiction to this substance. At the same time, we want to emphasize that there is a lack of research that would examine the impact of these advertisements directly on people already in therapy. Despite such extensive knowledge about this disease, there is still a scientific gap, the filling of which would help in the therapy of people addicted to alcohol.

Introduction: Ketamine is a well-established dissociative anesthetic. The discovery of its NMDA receptor antagonism revealed new potential applications in pain management. It has demonstrated promise as an analgesic for the treatment of chronic pain and has proven useful in managing acute pain, such as that resulting from sports injuries or in pediatric care settings. It is also a valuable alternative for patients who have not responded well to traditional pain medications. Materials and methods: This article reviews promising role of ketamine in pain management, especially in chronic or cancer pain, incorporating data from Google Scholar, PubMed, using keywords such as „ketamine”,„chronic pain”, „acute pain”, „pain management”. Summary: Current evidence supports the use of subanesthetic ketamine as an effective option for acute pain management across various clinical settings, with potential to reduce opioid dependence. Its unique antidepressant properties also make it beneficial for chronic pain patients, especially those with comorbid depression. In conditions like CRPS and sickle cell disease, low-dose ketamine has shown promising results in improving pain and function. However, its effectiveness in fibromyalgia appears limited, with short-term infusions offering only temporary relief. The pediatric population may particularly benefit from ketamine’s rapid, intranasal administration, though dosing and safety must be carefully considered. While early findings are encouraging, more research is needed to establish optimal protocols and to explore its role in managing sport-related injuries. Conclusions: Ketamine finds various applications in pain therapy and is a promising medication due to its efficacy in both chronic and acute pain management. However, further research is necessary to precisely determine the therapeutic dosage ranges, the long-term effects of its use, and the risk of addiction associated with its administration.