Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid-soluble molecule found naturally in many eukaryotic cells and is essential for electron transport chain and energy generation in mitochondria. D-Panthenyl triacetate (PTA) is an oil-soluble derivative of D-panthenol, which is essential for coenzyme A synthesis in the epithelium. Liposomal formulations that encapsulate both ingredients were prepared and optimized by applying response surface methodology for increased stability and skin penetration. The optimum formulation comprised 4.17 mg CoQ10, 4.22 mg PTA and 13.95 mg cholesterol per 100 mg of soy phosphatidylcholine. The encapsulation efficiency of the optimized formulation for CoQ10 and PTA was found to be 90.89%±3.61% and 87.84%±4.61%, respectively. Narrow size distribution was achieved with an average size of 161.6±3.6 nm, while a spherical and uniform shape was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. Cumulative release of 90.93% for PTA and 24.41% for CoQ10 was achieved after 24 hours of in vitro release study in sink conditions. Physical stability tests indicated that the optimized liposomes were suitable for storage at 4°C for at least 60 days. The results suggest that the optimized liposomal formulation would be a promising delivery system for both ingredients in various topical applications.

Background: Curcuma longa L., commonly known as turmeric, is renowned for its therapeutic benefits attributed to bioactive compounds, namely curcumin (Cur) and aromatic turmerone (Tur), present in its rhizome. These compounds exhibit diverse therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor effects. However, the topical application of these compounds has a significant potential for inducing skin irritation. This study focuses on formulating solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) carriers encapsulating both Cur and Tur for reduced irritation and enhanced stability. Methods: SLN formulations were prepared by a method using homogenization followed by ultrasonication procedures and optimized by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Results: The optimized SLN formulation demonstrated entrapment efficiencies, with 77.21 ± 4.28% for Cur and 75.12 ± 2.51% for Tur. A size distribution of 292.11 ± 9.43 nm was obtained, which was confirmed to be a spherical and uniform shape via environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) images. The in vitro release study indicated cumulative releases of 71.32 ± 3.73% for Cur and 67.23 ± 1.64% for Tur after 24 hours under sink conditions. Physical stability tests confirmed the stability of formulation, allowing storage at 4°C for a minimum of 60 days. Notably, in vitro skin irritation studies, utilizing the reconstructed human epidermal model (EPI-200-SIT), revealed a significant reduction in irritation with the SLN containing Cur and Tur compared to nonencapsulated Cur and Tur. Conclusion: These findings collectively endorse the optimized SLN formulation as a favorable delivery system for Cur and Tur in diverse topical uses, offering enhanced stability, controlled release and reduced irritation.

The impairment of skin integrity derived from derangement of the orthorhombic lateral organization is mainly caused by dysregulation of ceramide amounts in the skin barrier. Ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol-containing nano-based formulations have been used to impair the skin barrier. However, there is still a challenge to formulate novel formulations consisting of ceramides due to their chemical structure, poor aqueous solubility, and high molecular weight. In this study, the design and optimization of Ceramide 3 (CER-NP)-loaded liposomes are implemented based on response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum CER-NP-loaded liposome was selected based on its particle size (PS) and polydispersity index (PDI). The optimum CER-NP-loaded liposome was imagined by observing the encapsulation by using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) within fluorescently labeled CER-NP. The characteristic liquid crystalline phase and lipid chain conformation of CER-NP-loaded liposomes were determined using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The CER-NP-loaded liposomes were imagined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Finally, the in vitro release of CER-NP from liposomes was examined using modified Franz Cells. The experimental and predicted results were well correlated. The CLSM images of optimized liposomes were conformable with the other studies, and the encapsulation efficiency of CER-NP was 93.84 ± 0.87%. ATR-IR analysis supported the characteristics of the CER-NP-loaded liposome. In addition, the lipid chain conformation shows similarity with skin barrier lipid organization. The release pattern of CER-NP liposomes was fitted with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The cytotoxicity studies carried out on HaCaT keratinocytes supported the idea that the liposomes for topical administration of CER-NP could be considered relatively safe. In conclusion, the optimized CER-NP-loaded liposomes could have the potential to restore the skin barrier function.

Conventional formulations can not sufficiently control seizures and influence on cognitive corruption and oxidative stress with chronic usage in patients with epilepsy. To defeat this issue, it was planned to develop polymeric liposome formulations that are using for their bioavailability and enhancer impact in oral epilepsy treatment. In this study, chitosan-coated liposomal formulations that encapsulate carbamazepine (CBZ) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) were prepared and optimized by utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). Encapsulation efficiencies of CBZ and CoQ10, which were chosen as dependent variables for optimized chitosan-coated liposomal formulations were determined as 76.13%±2.34% and 82.36%±3.15%, respectively. Narrow size distribution was provided with an average size of 187.1 ± 2.35 nm, while a spherical and uniform shape was approved with transmission electron microscopy analyses. Cumulative release of 78.23% for CBZ and 27.12% for CoQ10 was obtained after 24 hours of in-vitro release study in sink conditions. Physical stability analyses demonstrated that optimum liposomes were convenient for storage at 5 ± 3 °C for at least 90 days. As a result, optimum chitosan-coated liposome containing CBZ and CoQ10 formulations could be suggested as a hopeful approach concerning their release, particle size, high encapsulation efficiency and stability for the treatment of epilepsy.

Conventional formulations can not achieve wound healing efficiently and fail to accelerate wound regeneration. To overcome these problems, it was planned to develop nanoformulations that perform a positive effect on the wound healing duration and are suitable for topical use. In this study, liposomal film formulations that encapsulated d-panthenyl triacetate (PTA) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) and were analyzed for their wound healing efficacy and cytotoxicity on fibroblast (CCD1079 Sk) and keratinocyte (HEKa) cells. Swelling index, puncture strength, and puncture deformation values, which were choosen as dependent variables for the liposomal film formulation were found as 556.9% ± 21.3, 3.98 ± 0.98 N/mm², and 6.57% ± 1.12, respectively. Cumulative release of 65.32% for PTA and 12.23% for CoQ10 was obtained after 24 hours of in vitro release study in sink conditions. The in vitro cytotoxicity and wound healing assay results suggested that optimum formulation could be used safely on fibroblast and keratinocyte cells and provided wound closure entirely after 24 h. Consequently, the optimum liposomal film containing PTA and CoQ10 formulations could be proposed as an innovative approach in wound healing treatment, considering their release, mechanical properties, stability, and effectiveness.

Retinyl palmitate (RP), also known as vitamin A palmitate, is a well-known anti-aging ingredient that promotes collagen production, enhances skin flexibility, and decreases the view of fine lines and wrinkles. Squalene, a natural lipid found in the skin, is also known to have anti-aging properties, including moisturizing and protecting the skin from environmental stressors. In this study, we demonstrate the encapsulation of RP and squalene within niosomes, and evaluate the in-vitro release and skin permeation of these active ingredients. The niosomes were prepared using a thin-film hydration method and characterized for their particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. The encapsulation efficiencies of optimized niosome formulation for RP and Squalene were determined to be 83.5%±2.55% and 91.2%±5.12%, respectively. Narrow size distribution was accomplished with a particle size of 168.4 ± 8.2 nm. Cumulative release of 82.67%±5.23% for RP and 87.12%±5.65% for Squalene was acquired after 24 hours of in-vitro release study in sink conditions. Ex-vivo permeation studies indicated that niosomes had a much higher retention rate for RP and Squalene in both the Stratum Corneum (SC) and viable epidermis/dermis layers when compared to the commercial product. Stability studies showed that the optimized niosomes were convenient for keeping at 4°C for at least 90 days. The outcomes show that niosomes are effective in delivering RP and squalene to the skin and can provide a promising alternative to traditional anti-aging formulations.