Increased cortisol has been shown to be negatively correlated with infant motor development. Sunlight help decrease the level of cortisol. Vitamin D is associated with infant motor development. The present study aimed to determine whether natural sunlight exposure plus vitamin D supplements could ameliorate delayed early motor development in little infants from maternal perinatal depression. The term pregnant women waiting for delivery from the department of gynecology and obstetrics were assessed depressive symptoms by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). 120 normal and 229 depressed subjects were recruited. During 2 days postpartum, infant motor development were assessed by Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Infants of 2-day-old in maternal depression group were divided into four groups: control group, conventional vitamin D supplements (400IU/d) group, high dose of vitamin D supplements group (1000IU/d), sunlight plus conventional vitamin D supplement group (400IU/d). Serum and hair cortisol (HairF) in mothers and infants were measured. The infants of perinatal depressed mothers displayed early motor developmental delay accompanied by increased cortisol. Sunlight plus conventional vitamin D supplement (400IU/d) were better than exclusive vitamin D supplements for the amelioration delayed early motor development in infants (p < 0.05). The infants exposure to sunlight 7-14 h/week plus conventional vitamin D supplement reached the best scores of motor development and the lowest HairF (p < 0.05). We should have measured the serum 25OH-vitamin D concentrations. Sunlight plus vitamin D supplements could ameliorate delayed early motor development in little infants by decreasing cortisol from perinatal depression.

Value of shear wave elastography with maximal elasticity in differentiating benign and malignant solid focal liver lesions

The p‐Laplacian fractional differential equations have been studied extensively because of their numerous applications in science and engineering. In this study, a class of p‐Laplacian fractional differential equations with instantaneous and noninstantaneous impulses is considered. The existence and multiplicity results of solutions are obtained by using variational methods and critical point theory. In addition, some examples are given to prove the feasibility of the proposed results.

In this paper, we consider a class of $ p $-Laplacian Kirchhoff-type fractional differential equations with instantaneous and non-instantaneous impulses. The existence of at least two distinct weak solutions and infinitely many weak solutions is obtained based on variational methods.

In this study, we consider the multiplicity of solutions for a new class of $p$-Laplacian fractional differential equations involving $\psi$-Caputo fractional derivative with instantaneous and non-instantaneous impulses. Since the $p$-Laplacian operator, $\psi$-Caputo fractional derivative and impulsive effects exist at the same time, it is difficult to establish the variational structure of the considered problem. By virtue of critical point theorems and variational methods, we give some new criteria to guarantee that the problem has at least two weak solutions and infinitely many weak solutions. Some recent results are improved and extended.