Synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles using three different plant extracts results in different properties of the individual samples.

Imatinib-loaded magnetically responsive PEGylated core : shell nanoparticles were synthesized using iron supplement. Sustained in vitro drug release was observed under acidic pH following Fickian diffusion and the Case II Relaxation mechanism.

Purpose: To compare graft survival and alloimmune responses in murine endothelial keratoplasty (EK) versus penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and to elucidate the immunological mechanisms that underlie the differential graft outcomes. Methods: Allogeneic EK and PK were performed in BALB/c recipient mice using fully disparate C57BL/6 donors; syngeneic EK recipients served as controls. Graft clarity was monitored over 16 weeks by slitlamp biomicroscopy and scored using standardized opacity grading. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) was used to measure central corneal thickness. Graft survival was assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were performed to evaluate corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) integrity through ZO-1 staining. T-cell–mediated alloimmunity was assessed using intracellular IFN-γ staining (flow cytometry) and ELISPOT assays targeting both direct and indirect antigen presentation pathways. Results: PK allografts exhibited significantly higher corneal opacity and lower survival (50%) than allogeneic EK grafts (71.4%, P < 0.0001). AS-OCT showed that corneal edema was highest in rejected PK grafts at 4 weeks and in rejected EK grafts at 16 weeks, with EK displaying a more gradual increase in thickness. Flow cytometry revealed significantly greater frequencies of IFN-γ ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cells in PK recipients compared with EK recipients ( P < 0.001). ELISPOT assays demonstrated a more robust Th1 response in PK through both the direct and indirect sensitization pathways. Corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) density was significantly reduced in rejected EK and PK grafts compared with their respective accepted counterparts ( P < 0.01), whereas CEnC density was comparable between accepted EK and PK grafts. Conclusions: EK grafts exhibit higher graft survival rates and significantly reduced activation of host T-cell responses compared with PK grafts, which may be attributed to lower frequencies of graft-borne antigen presenting cells, thus resulting in a milder Th1-mediated immune response.

The study aims to synthesize Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles using expired disprin and paracetamol, exploring an innovative approach to curb the hazards posed by discarded expired medicines thereby reducing drug pollution and improving ecological footprint. The sol-gel method was employed to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles using expired disprin and paracetamol. Various characterization techniques, such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), were used to analyse the synthesized nanoparticles. The XRD and EDS analyses confirmed the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized from both paracetamol and disprin showed a dominant anatase phase with stray peaks of rutile and brookite phases. SAED of paracetamol-derived nanoparticles showed a highly crystalline structure. FESEM confirmed the synthesis of uniformly distributed spherical nanoparticles with size range between 5-20 nm. The size of nanoparticles estimated from both XRD and FESEM appear to be in good agreement. VSM confirmed the diamagnetic nature of both paracetamol and disprin-derived nanoparticles. The study demonstrates that synthesizing TiO2 nanoparticles using expired pharmaceuticals can be a promising approach to mitigate the environmental hazards posed by discarded expired medicines. This novel method has the potential to revolutionize the synthesis of nanoparticles and contribute to a more sustainable future.