BMAP-18, derived from the N-terminal region of bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide BMAP-27, demonstrates potent antimicrobial activity without cytotoxicity. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory properties of BMAP-18, rich in aromatic phenylalanine residues, with its aliphatic analog, BMAP-18-FL. Both aromatic BMAP-18 and aliphatic BMAP-18-FL exhibited equally potent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA). Mechanistic investigations employing SYTOX green uptake, DNA binding, and FACScan analysis revealed that both peptides acted by inducing membrane permeabilization and subsequent intracellular targeting. Moreover, both BMAP-18 and BMAP-18-FL effectively prevented biofilm formation and eradicated existing biofilms of MRSA and MDRPA. Notably, BMAP-18-FL displayed a superior anti-inflammatory activity compared to BMAP-18, significantly reducing the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. This study emphasizes the similarities and differences in the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory properties between aromatic BMAP-18 and aliphatic BMAP-18-FL, providing valuable insights for the development of multifunctional antimicrobial peptides against drug-resistant bacteria.

BMAP-18, derived from the N-terminal region of bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide BMAP-27, demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity without cytotoxicity. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory properties of BMAP-18, rich in aromatic phenylalanine residues, with its aliphatic analogue, BMAP-18-FL. Both aromatic BMAP-18 and aliphatic BMAP-18-FL exhibited equally potent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA). Mechanistic investigations employing SYTOX green uptake, DNA binding, and FACScan analysis revealed that both peptides acted by inducing membrane permeabilization and subsequent intracellular targeting. Moreover, both BMAP-18 and BMAP-18-FL effectively prevented biofilm formation and eradicated existing biofilms of MRSA and MDRPA. Notably, BMAP-18-FL displayed superior anti-inflammatory activity compared to BMAP-18, significantly reducing the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. This study emphasizes the similarities and differences in the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory properties between aromatic BMAP-18 and aliphatic BMAP-18-FL, providing valuable insights for the development of multifunctional antimicrobial peptides against drug-resistant bacteria.

As chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent killer, it is now a global concern to find out the possible causes by genetic and biological markers. In the earlier stages of CKD, serum calcium and phosphorus levels fall down later on turned into hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia contributing high mortality in CKD. This study aimed to examine the serum calcium and phosphorus levels in non-dialysis CKD patients and healthy controls to find out their association with ORAI1 genetic polymorphism. The present study recruited 96 non-dialysis CKD patients and 100 control subjects matched by age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Measurement of serum calcium levels was performed with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (HITACHI, 170-30) and phosphorus levels were determined by UV VIS spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena SPEKOL 2000). PCR-RFLP technique was applied to determine the genetic polymorphism of ORAI1 (rs12313273 and rs6486795) gene. The mean values of serum calcium and phosphorus levels were 2.53 ± 0.50 mg/dL and 3.77 ± 0.42 mg/dL for the patient group and 3.67 ± 2.37 mg/dL and 13.66 ± 6.34 mg/dL for the control group, respectively. We observed significantly reduced serum calcium and phosphorus levels in non-dialysis CKD patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.001). No significant polymorphism of ORAI1 (rs12313273 and rs6486795) was found with declined serum calcium and phosphorus levels. The present study suggested that there is no linear correlation between ORAI1 genetic polymorphism with serum calcium and phosphorus levels in non-dialysis CKD patients.

Introduction: Clopidogrel and aspirin are at the base of treatment in conditions like arterial thrombosis and after patients have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention. But frequently found CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17 polymorphisms and some variants of the ITGB3 gene cause alteration in the therapeutic effectiveness of this drug. Methods: One thousand cardiovascular patients were recruited for each drug under study. Their blood was collected to analyze the genotype using PCR-RFLP and T-ARMS-PCR method for clopidogrel and aspirin respectively. The PCR products for clopidogrel were screened with agarose gel electrophoresis and then digested with SmaIfor CYP2C19*2 and Nsil-HF for CYP2C19*17. The digested products of clopidogrel and the ARMS-PCR product of aspirin were run on 2% AGE to analyze the polymorphisms. Results: In our outcome, the percentage of hetero and mutant homozygous people in CYP2C19*2 polymorphism (loss-of-function allele) was 64.1% and for CYP2C19*17 (gain-of-function allele) was 22.3%. For ITGB3 polymorphism, it was found that 84.1% of them belonged to the homozygous group while 15.6% was heterozygous and only 0.3% were mutant homozygous patients. Conclusion: Our study findings were quite compatible with the results of some other studies in other ethnic groups. This phenomenon suggested for modification of dose or application of alternative generics in patients who are under the risk of therapeutic failure or toxicity produced by these drugs.