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This paper analyzes the relationship between freight transport, economic prosperity, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, and urbanization for three top Asian economies, namely, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea during 1995–2017. For this purpose, we use the augmented Dickey-Fuller test for the stationary of the series, Johansen co-integration approach, and fully modified ordinary least squares and Granger causality model to infer the causal relationship between the study variables. The results show that economic prosperity (GDP) and energy consumption (EC) have a significant impact on freight transport (FT) for all three economies. In addition, the results also manifest the existence of bidirectional causality between GDP and FT in Singapore but a unidirectional causality running from GDP to FT in the case of Hong Kong and South Korea. As a quick policy option, controlling fossil fuel energy consumption in the transport sector may result in a remarkable reduction in CO2 emissions. The present study provides new insights to decision-makers for designing comprehensive energy and environmental policies for future sustainable freight transport growth in the long run.
Muhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Rafiq; Xiaowei Luo. Evaluating the Relationship between Freight Transport, Economic Prosperity, Urbanization, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10664 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Anam Azam, Muhammad Rafiq, Xiaowei Luo. Evaluating the Relationship between Freight Transport, Economic Prosperity, Urbanization, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10664.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Rafiq; Xiaowei Luo. 2020. "Evaluating the Relationship between Freight Transport, Economic Prosperity, Urbanization, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10664.
This century is undergoing a wave of knowledge and inventions making use of exceptional properties of nanofluids (NFs) in applications such as manufacturing and process heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, solar energy, heat pipes, electrical cooling systems and many others. Research investigations about NFs are on the increase due to growing attention and demand for NFs as heat transfer fluids. This can be observed from the number of articles published. To endorse the field further, the objective of this study is threefold. First, it presents the literature that specifies the preparation of NFs which are developed by the suspending of solid nanoparticles (NPs) in conventional working liquids. Secondly, it offers contemporary research on thermophysical features results of NFs. In this review, which primarily emphasizes research carried out in the last couple of decades, experimental inquiries from the latest developments of NFs applications and performance as a heat transfer system are summarized. Moreover, heat transfer mechanisms, challenges and impeding trends associated with NFs regarding heat transfer improvement are deliberated; which must motivate additional exploration. This analysis also deliberates numerous dynamics affecting the thermophysical features; comprising of synthesis techniques, the stability of NFs, various base fluids, type, size, shape, surface modification and volume fraction of nanoparticles (NPs). Though, there are inconsistent findings have been observed in the literature on the effect of factors on the thermophysical traits of NFs. The study also discovers that appropriate characterization of NFs may result in superior heat transfer fluids compared to conventional base fluids. Nevertheless, more extreme exploration is required towards the suitable selection of NPs, their synthesis, characterization and long-term stability of NF is essential to exploit their full potential along with the application of these innovative fluids on commercial levels. The stability of NFs is likewise a fundamental feature of their sustainability and effectiveness. Both academia and professionals in the industry possibly will find this review valuable, as it summarizes significant outlines of research in the field.
Muhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Ateeq. Transformer oil-based nanofluid: The application of nanomaterials on thermal, electrical and physicochemical properties of liquid insulation-A review. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 2020, 12, 555 -576.
AMA StyleMuhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Shafique, Anam Azam, Muhammad Ateeq. Transformer oil-based nanofluid: The application of nanomaterials on thermal, electrical and physicochemical properties of liquid insulation-A review. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 2020; 12 (1):555-576.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Ateeq. 2020. "Transformer oil-based nanofluid: The application of nanomaterials on thermal, electrical and physicochemical properties of liquid insulation-A review." Ain Shams Engineering Journal 12, no. 1: 555-576.
With the inception of high voltage (HV), requisites on the insulating permanence of HV equipment is becoming increasingly crucial. Mineral/synthetic oil liquid insulation—together with solid insulation materials (paper, pressboard)—is the fundamental insulation constituent in HV apparatuses; their insulation attributes perform a substantial part in a reliable and steady performance. Meanwhile, implications on the environment, scarcity of petroleum oil supplies and discarding complications with waste oil have stimulated investigators to steer their attention towards sustainable, renewable, biodegradable and environmentally friendly insulating substances. The contemporary insulating constituent’s evolution is driven by numerous dynamics—in particular, environmental obligations and other security and economic issues. Consequently, HV equipment manufacturers must address novel specifications concerning to these new standards. Renewable, sustainable and environmentally friendly insulating materials are continuously substituting conventional insulating items in the market place. These are favorable to traditional insulating materials, due to their superior functionality. The also offer explicit security and eco-friendly advantages. This article discusses cutting-edge technology of environmentally friendly insulating materials, including their fabrication, processing and characterization. The new renewable, insulating systems used in HV equipment are submitted and their fundamental gains stated in comparison with conventional insulating materials. Several experimental efforts carried out in various parts of the world are presented, offering an outline of the existing research conducted on renewable insulating systems. The significance of this article lies in summarizing prior investigations, classifying research essence, inducements and predicting forthcoming research trends. Furthermore, opportunities and constraints being experienced in the field of exploration are evidently reported. Last but not least, imminent research proposals and applications are recommended.
Muhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Ateeq; Israr Khan; Abid Hussain. Sustainable, Renewable and Environmental-Friendly Insulation Systems for High Voltages Applications. Molecules 2020, 25, 3901 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Shafique, Anam Azam, Muhammad Ateeq, Israr Khan, Abid Hussain. Sustainable, Renewable and Environmental-Friendly Insulation Systems for High Voltages Applications. Molecules. 2020; 25 (17):3901.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Ateeq; Israr Khan; Abid Hussain. 2020. "Sustainable, Renewable and Environmental-Friendly Insulation Systems for High Voltages Applications." Molecules 25, no. 17: 3901.
Recently, the lightweight geopolymer production from wastes got adamant attention for sustainable and green building construction. But lower flexure and the tensile strength limit its wider application in the construction industry. This study was intended to prepare sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) based geopolymer reinforced with (PP) (PP) fibers. The physical and mechanical properties of geopolymers with various percentages of (PP) (PP) fibers were evaluated through the experiments and discussed in detail. The addition of (PP) fibers resulted in enhanced flexural and tensile strength. Results assert that by limiting the content of (PP) fibers to 1%, not only improve in the flexural properties but also enhance the compressive strength by providing denser microstructure. This study concludes that the use of (SBA) composite reinforced with (PP) fibers can provide alternative ways to achieve sustainability by utilizing the wastes which mainly cause environmental degradation during landfilling.
Arslan Akbar; Furqan Farooq; Muhammad Shafique; Fahid Aslam; Rayed Alyousef; Hisham Alabduljabbar. Sugarcane bagasse ash-based engineered geopolymer mortar incorporating propylene fibers. Journal of Building Engineering 2020, 33, 101492 .
AMA StyleArslan Akbar, Furqan Farooq, Muhammad Shafique, Fahid Aslam, Rayed Alyousef, Hisham Alabduljabbar. Sugarcane bagasse ash-based engineered geopolymer mortar incorporating propylene fibers. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 33 ():101492.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArslan Akbar; Furqan Farooq; Muhammad Shafique; Fahid Aslam; Rayed Alyousef; Hisham Alabduljabbar. 2020. "Sugarcane bagasse ash-based engineered geopolymer mortar incorporating propylene fibers." Journal of Building Engineering 33, no. : 101492.
Photovoltaic (PV)-green roofs, a new development integrating the PV system with a green roof, provide additional benefits for renewable electricity production as compared to the green roof. This study provides a systematic review of the published literature in Scopus and Web of Science regarding PV-green roof technologies, to identify the benefits and challenges associated with PV-green roofs in practice, and its future directions. A total of 145 published documents were reviewed, revealing that the PV-green roof is an effective strategy for producing clean energy on the building scale. However, there are still various challenges that hinder the large-scale implementation of PV-green roofs, including high initial costs, limited experimental data, and lack of awareness about the long-term benefits. These challenges can be overcome through the new cost-effective design of PV-green roofs and the adoption of the most appropriate materials, which can perform more effectively over a longer period. In addition, more real large-scale experimental studies are needed to evaluate the long-term performance of PV-green roofs in urban areas. Suggestions for further improvements include: providing the optimal design of PV-green roofs for each climatic region; improving laws and regulations; evaluating life-cycle assessment including social, environmental, and economic benefits over a longer period; and establishing interagency collaboration and cooperation tools for the wider adoption of PV-green roof projects. This review draws an overall picture of the benefits and limitations of the PV-green roof around the world. Findings provide a useful reference for the enhancement of the PV-green roof design for their broader application in the building industry.
Muhammad Shafique; Xiaowei Luo; Jian Zuo. Photovoltaic-green roofs: A review of benefits, limitations, and trends. Solar Energy 2020, 202, 485 -497.
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Xiaowei Luo, Jian Zuo. Photovoltaic-green roofs: A review of benefits, limitations, and trends. Solar Energy. 2020; 202 ():485-497.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Xiaowei Luo; Jian Zuo. 2020. "Photovoltaic-green roofs: A review of benefits, limitations, and trends." Solar Energy 202, no. : 485-497.
The long-term anticipation of electricity supply (ELS) and demand has supposed substantial prominence in the elementary investigation to offer sustainable resolutions to electricity matters. In this editorial, an outline of the organization of the electricity segment of Pakistan and analysis of historical supply and demand statistics, an up-to-date position of the contrary set of energy plans is presented. The intention of this analysis is to explore the Granger causality relationship between electricity supply and economic growth (EG) by using a multivariate context with time series statistics covering 1990 to 2015 in Pakistan. Augmented dickey-fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) unit root tests indicate that variables are non-stationary and integrated in a similar order (1). Our findings also reveal that variables economic growths (GDP), electricity supply (ELS), investment (INV), and export (EX) are co-integrated. The study also finds the Granger causality runs from EG to ELS deprived of any feedback effect. Therefore, the policy implications from our findings indicate that electricity preservation strategies may be implemented without any economic adverse impacts.
Anam Azam; Muhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Shafique; Muhammad Ateeq; Jiahai Yuan. Causality Relationship Between Electricity Supply and Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan. Energies 2020, 13, 837 .
AMA StyleAnam Azam, Muhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Shafique, Muhammad Ateeq, Jiahai Yuan. Causality Relationship Between Electricity Supply and Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan. Energies. 2020; 13 (4):837.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnam Azam; Muhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Shafique; Muhammad Ateeq; Jiahai Yuan. 2020. "Causality Relationship Between Electricity Supply and Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan." Energies 13, no. 4: 837.
The rise in transmission voltages levels, the demand for insulating reliability of the transformer is getting more and more critical. The mineral oil (MO) together with paper is the main insulation constituents in oil-immersed transformers. To enhance the insulation level of ultra-high voltage (UHV) transformers and to decrease its weight and size, it is highly required to increase the insulating conduct of transformer oil (TO) and oil-impregnated cellulose. Lately, a distinctive novel venture of application of nanotechnology with liquid insulation of transformer has been conducted and the results have displayed marvelous enhancement in the insulation properties of transformer oil. The transformer oil-based nanofluids research domain (i.e., NFs) has been attracting huge attention during recent years both in theoretical and practical fields. NFs may be applied as a potential substitute for MO in the near future. To recognize various brunts of NFs and show evolving developments and challenges, the study demonstrates a scientometric review established on 210 published features from 2004 to 2019 through co-author, co-occurring and co-citation investigations. The significance of the editorial lies in compiling former inquiries, categorizing research nature, motivations and forecasting impending research orientations. Lastly, some recommendations for future NFs research and application are suggested.
Muhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Ateeq. The impacts of nanotechnology on the improvement of liquid insulation of transformers: Emerging trends and challenges. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2020, 302, 112482 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Shafique, Anam Azam, Muhammad Ateeq. The impacts of nanotechnology on the improvement of liquid insulation of transformers: Emerging trends and challenges. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2020; 302 ():112482.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Ateeq. 2020. "The impacts of nanotechnology on the improvement of liquid insulation of transformers: Emerging trends and challenges." Journal of Molecular Liquids 302, no. : 112482.
Green roofs (GRs) have drawn huge global attention due to their multiple social as well as environmental benefits in the past decade. Recently, in-depth and comprehensive research on the environmental impact assessment of the green roofs is being conducted globally. In this study, the life cycle assessment of green roofs has been reviewed and analyzed. The environmental impact evaluation of GRs was assessed through five stages of life cycle assessment (LCA): material extraction, transportation, construction, operation/maintenance, and disposal phases. The content analysis method was adopted to classify the existing studies based on the research area and scope. The results of this study show that the green roof is a sustainable option over the conventional roof. Besides, GRs provides a number of benefits in the operational phase. However, there are several challenges needed to overcome including comprehensively evaluation of the disposal and transportation phase during LCA analysis. The use of recycled materials for GRs layers could be an optimal choice to reduce environmental impacts. Moreover, a comprehensive environmental and economic assessment needs to be carried out for future research work. In the end, a future research agenda is proposed to enhance the GRs design for its broader application in the building industry. Through this literature study, data can provide useful information for decision-makers to adopt green roof projects.
Muhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Ateeq; Xiaowei Luo. An overview of life cycle assessment of green roofs. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 250, 119471 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Anam Azam, Muhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Ateeq, Xiaowei Luo. An overview of life cycle assessment of green roofs. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 250 ():119471.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Anam Azam; Muhammad Rafiq; Muhammad Ateeq; Xiaowei Luo. 2019. "An overview of life cycle assessment of green roofs." Journal of Cleaner Production 250, no. : 119471.
In urban areas, one way of mitigating the adverse effects of air pollution is the sustainable rooftop practice known as green roofs. How green roofs can help reduce carbon emissions in urban areas, directly and indirectly, is the focus of this review, which draws on recently published studies. The direct impact of green roofs on carbon sequestration involves vegetation and soil media, which can capture and store air pollutants on a building scale. The indirect impact includes the long-term green roof effect, which can include reducing building energy consumption, leading to a reduction in fossil fuel consumption. Consequently, this process could reduce CO2 emissions around the globe. According to the literature analysis, the indirect long-term benefits help promote green roofs as a green practice around the world. It was found that vegetation and soil properties are the key factors affecting the performance of building energy consumption reduction and CO2 sequestration. Stakeholders and the public are encouraged, based on the literature review results, to adopt green roofs in building construction projects as a climate mitigation strategy.
Muhammad Shafique; Xiaolong Xue; Xiaowei Luo. An overview of carbon sequestration of green roofs in urban areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2019, 47, 126515 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Xiaolong Xue, Xiaowei Luo. An overview of carbon sequestration of green roofs in urban areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 47 ():126515.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Xiaolong Xue; Xiaowei Luo. 2019. "An overview of carbon sequestration of green roofs in urban areas." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 47, no. : 126515.
Urbanization and climate change are the serious challenges for the storm water management around the world. Urbanization changes the natural areas to the hard impervious areas such as roads, roofs, and buildings, etc. These changes consequently affect the natural urban water cycle by accelerating the storm water runoff rates and volume. Under these circumstances, green roof, blue roof, and green blue roof are safe and sustainable strategies in developed areas. This study assesses the effectiveness of these three roofs at the building scale, based on case studies in Seoul, Republic of Korea. During the analysis, the maximum retention values from green roof and green blue roof were higher than the green blue roof because their various layers (vegetation and soil layer) in their structure. These layers not only capture more runoff but also delay peak discharges. From the result, retention from green roof and green blue roof were found to be around 10–60% and 30–68% during small rain events respectively. On the other hand, blue roof was effective in small rain events for a shorter period of time. However, this process helps to reduce the runoff volume and peak flow, leading to reduces the flash flooding problems in highly developed areas. Secondly, from the comparing the results of green roof, blue roof, and green blue roof, it was found that the green blue roof is more effective in controlling more rainfall runoff.
Muhammad Shafique; Xiaowei Luo. Comparison Study of Green Roof, Blue Roof, Green Blue Roof for Storm Water Management: A Review. ICCREM 2019 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Xiaowei Luo. Comparison Study of Green Roof, Blue Roof, Green Blue Roof for Storm Water Management: A Review. ICCREM 2019. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Xiaowei Luo. 2019. "Comparison Study of Green Roof, Blue Roof, Green Blue Roof for Storm Water Management: A Review." ICCREM 2019 , no. : 1.
Nanotechnology has received increasing attention and is being applied in the transportation vehicle field. With their unique physical and chemical characteristics, nanomaterials can significantly enhance the safety and durability of transportation vehicles. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of nanotechnology and how this technology can be applied in improving the comfort, safety, and speed of transportation vehicles. Moreover, this paper systematically examines the recent developments and applications of nanotechnology in the transportation vehicle industry, including nano-coatings, nano filters, carbon black for tires, nanoparticles for engine performance enchantment and fuel consumption reduction. Also, it introduces the main challenges for broader applications, such as environmental, health and safety concerns. Since several nanomaterials have shown tremendous performance and have been theoretically researched, they can be potential candidates for applications in future environmental friendly transportation vehicles. This paper will contribute to further sustainable research and greater potential applications of environmentally friendly nanomaterials in healthier transportation vehicles to improve the transportation industry around the globe.
Muhammad Shafique; Xiaowei Luo. Nanotechnology in Transportation Vehicles: An Overview of Its Applications, Environmental, Health and Safety Concerns. Materials 2019, 12, 2493 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Xiaowei Luo. Nanotechnology in Transportation Vehicles: An Overview of Its Applications, Environmental, Health and Safety Concerns. Materials. 2019; 12 (15):2493.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Xiaowei Luo. 2019. "Nanotechnology in Transportation Vehicles: An Overview of Its Applications, Environmental, Health and Safety Concerns." Materials 12, no. 15: 2493.
The construction industry is infamous for a high number of fatalities around the world. The Hong Kong construction industry is also one of the most hazardous industries for worker’s safety compared to all other industries. This paper presents a current trend of occupational injuries among Hong Kong construction workers. Yearly reports of the labour department of Hong Kong were evaluated in this study. A statistical analysis of incidence rates (IRs) and mortality rates (MRs) was performed to evaluate each accident type. Moreover, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to find out the relationship between IRs and MRs of individual accident type. From the analysis, “Slip, trip or fall on the same level” caused the higher number of occupational injuries while “fall of the person from height” caused the higher number of occupational fatalities from 2011 to 2017. Finally, the future perspectives of effective safety management system incorporated with advance technologies in the construction industry are highlighted in this study.
Muhammad Shafique; Muhammad Rafiq. An Overview of Construction Occupational Accidents in Hong Kong: A Recent Trend and Future Perspectives. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 2069 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Muhammad Rafiq. An Overview of Construction Occupational Accidents in Hong Kong: A Recent Trend and Future Perspectives. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (10):2069.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Muhammad Rafiq. 2019. "An Overview of Construction Occupational Accidents in Hong Kong: A Recent Trend and Future Perspectives." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10: 2069.
Research on the green roof has been raised expeditiously over the past decade. Green roof have been proposed as the sustainable practice to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization. This review paper includes the history of the green roof, green roof components and multiple benefits (environmental, social and economical) associated with the green roof technology. This paper also emphasizes how the green roof works in different areas, their performance in reducing the stormwater and energy costs, improving air and ecological performance. The benefits of green roof show that it plays an important role in making cities safe, sustainable and resilient to climate change. Therefore, many countries are giving incentives to the house owners for the application of green roof. However, initial high construction costs, high maintenance costs and roof leakage problems are the main challenges associated with the application of green roofs. These challenges can be overcome with the of new cost effective green roof design that can work more effectively and efficiently in any area. Advanced modification and trends of green roof application are also included in this paper. The paper also highlights the research challenges and research gap of the green roof. At the end, for the better performance of the green roofs, some of the recommendations are also provided.
Muhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim; Muhammad Rafiq. Green roof benefits, opportunities and challenges – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 90, 757 -773.
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Reeho Kim, Muhammad Rafiq. Green roof benefits, opportunities and challenges – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 90 ():757-773.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim; Muhammad Rafiq. 2018. "Green roof benefits, opportunities and challenges – A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 90, no. : 757-773.
Permeable pavement is an effective low impact development (LID) practice that can play an important role in reducing rainfall runoff amount in urban areas. Permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) was retrofitted in a tremendously developed area of Seoul, Korea and the data was monitored to evaluate its effect on the hydrology and stormwater quality performance for four months. Rainfall runoff was first absorbed by different layers of the PICP system and then contributed to the sewage system. This not only helps to reduce the runoff volume, but also increase the time of concentration. In this experiment, different real rain events were observed and the field results were investigated to check the effectiveness of the PICP system for controlling the rainfall runoff in Songpa, Korea. From the analysis of data, results showed that the PCIP system was very effective in controlling rainfall runoff. Overall runoff reduction performance from the PCIP was found to be around 30–65% during various storm events. In addition, PICP significantly reduced peak flows in different storm events which is very helpful in reducing the chances of water-logging in an urbanized area. Research results also allow us to sum up that retrofitted PICP is a very effective approach for rainfall runoff management in urban areas.
Muhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim; Kwon Kyung-Ho. Rainfall Runoff Mitigation by Retrofitted Permeable Pavement in an Urban Area. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1231 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Reeho Kim, Kwon Kyung-Ho. Rainfall Runoff Mitigation by Retrofitted Permeable Pavement in an Urban Area. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (4):1231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim; Kwon Kyung-Ho. 2018. "Rainfall Runoff Mitigation by Retrofitted Permeable Pavement in an Urban Area." Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1231.
For the past few decades, rapid urban development and climate change has caused many meteorological disasters (flooding, droughts, and heat waves) in South Korea. The current stormwater management system (gray infrastructure) is based on the pipe networks, which is not an effective method to control flash flooding problems during big rain events. Therefore, there is a need to find a more sustainable stormwater-management system that can have the ability to solve these water-related problems in urban areas. Low-impact development (LID)/green infrastructure (GI) practices are an effective approach to solving the adverse effects of urbanization and to addressing climate change. This paper reviews national water-management policies which were selected for flood and environmental protection from 1960 to 2017. Research results of applied LID practices in Korea also show that these practices are useful for stormwater management in urban areas. The dominating challenges identified are: lack of proper knowledge for implementing LID practices; uncertainties in the benefits of LID/GI practices; and lack of cooperation and collaboration between different agencies for the expansion of LID projects. Finally, some opportunities for LID/GI practices in Korea are also described.
Muhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim. Recent Progress in Low-Impact Development in South Korea: Water-Management Policies, Challenges and Opportunities. Water 2018, 10, 435 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Reeho Kim. Recent Progress in Low-Impact Development in South Korea: Water-Management Policies, Challenges and Opportunities. Water. 2018; 10 (4):435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim. 2018. "Recent Progress in Low-Impact Development in South Korea: Water-Management Policies, Challenges and Opportunities." Water 10, no. 4: 435.
Anam Azam; Muhammad Shafique. An Overview of Fruits and Vegetables Trade of China. International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology 2018, 11, 33 -44.
AMA StyleAnam Azam, Muhammad Shafique. An Overview of Fruits and Vegetables Trade of China. International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology. 2018; 11 (1):33-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnam Azam; Muhammad Shafique. 2018. "An Overview of Fruits and Vegetables Trade of China." International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology 11, no. 1: 33-44.
This field study elaborates the role of grass swale in the management of stormwater in an urban parking lot. Grass swale was constructed by using different vegetations and local soil media in the parking lot of Mapu-gu Seoul, Korea. In this study, rainfall runoff was first retained in soil and the vegetation layers of the grass swale, and then infiltrated rainwater was collected with the help of underground perforated pipe, and passed to an underground storage trench. In this way, grass swale detained a large amount of rainwater for a longer period of time and delayed peak discharge. In this field study, various real storm events were monitored and the research results were analyzed to evaluate the performance of grass swale for managing rainfall runoff in an urban area. From the analysis of field experiments, grass swale showed the significant rainfall runoff retention in different rain events. Grass swale markedly reduced total rainfall runoff volume and peak flow during the small storm events of intensity about 30 mm/h. From the analysis, on average rainfall runoff retention from the grass swale was found around 40 to 75% during the various small rain events. From the results, we can say that grass swale is a stormwater mitigation practice which can help avoid flash flooding problems in urban areas.
Muhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim; Kwon Kyung-Ho. Evaluating the Capability of Grass Swale for the Rainfall Runoff Reduction from an Urban Parking Lot, Seoul, Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 537 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Reeho Kim, Kwon Kyung-Ho. Evaluating the Capability of Grass Swale for the Rainfall Runoff Reduction from an Urban Parking Lot, Seoul, Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (3):537.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim; Kwon Kyung-Ho. 2018. "Evaluating the Capability of Grass Swale for the Rainfall Runoff Reduction from an Urban Parking Lot, Seoul, Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 537.
Urbanization changes natural pervious surfaces to hard, impervious surfaces such as roads, buildings and roofs. These modifications significantly affect the natural hydrologic cycle by increasing stormwater runoff rates and volume. Under these circumstances, green roofs offer multiple benefits including on-site stormwater management that mimics the natural hydrologic conditions in an urban area. It can retain a large amount of rainwater for a longer time and delay the peak discharge. However, there is very limited research that has been carried out on the retrofitted green roof for stormwater management for South Korean conditions. This study has investigated the performance of retrofitted green roofs for stormwater management in a highly urbanized area of Seoul, the capital city of Korea. In this study, various storm events were monitored and the research results were analyzed to check the performance of the green roof with controlling the runoff in urban areas. Results also allowed us to conclude that the retention mainly depends on the intensity and duration of the rain events. From the analysis, average runoff retention on the green roof was 10% to 60% in different rain events. The application of an extensive green roof provides promising results for stormwater management in the highly urbanized area of Seoul.
Muhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim; Kwon Kyung-Ho. Green Roof for Stormwater Management in a Highly Urbanized Area: The Case of Seoul, Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 584 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Reeho Kim, Kwon Kyung-Ho. Green Roof for Stormwater Management in a Highly Urbanized Area: The Case of Seoul, Korea. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (3):584.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim; Kwon Kyung-Ho. 2018. "Green Roof for Stormwater Management in a Highly Urbanized Area: The Case of Seoul, Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 3: 584.
Anam Azam; Muhammad Shafique. Agriculture in Pakistan and its Impact on Economy―A Review. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 2017, 103, 47 -60.
AMA StyleAnam Azam, Muhammad Shafique. Agriculture in Pakistan and its Impact on Economy―A Review. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. 2017; 103 ():47-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnam Azam; Muhammad Shafique. 2017. "Agriculture in Pakistan and its Impact on Economy―A Review." International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 103, no. : 47-60.
Low impact development (LID)/green infrastructure (GI) practices have been identified as the sustainable practices of managing the stormwater in urban areas. Due to the increasing population, most of the cities are more developing which results in the change of natural area into impervious areas (roads, buildings etc.). Moreover, urbanization and climate change are causing many water-related problems and making over cities unsafe and insecure. Under these circumstances, there is a need to introduce new stormwater management practices into developed cities to reduce the adverse impacts of urbanization. For this purpose, retrofitting low impact development practices demands more attention to reduce these water-related problems and trying to make our cities sustainable. In developed areas, there is a little space is available for the retrofitting of LID practices for the stormwater management. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate place to retrofitting LID practices needs more concern. This paper describes the successfully applied retrofitting LID practices around the globe. It also includes the process of applying retrofitting LID practices at the suitable place with the suitable combination. Optimal places for the retrofitting of different LID practices are also mentioned. This paper also highlights the barriers and potential solutions of retrofitting LID practices in urban areas.
Muhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim. Retrofitting the Low Impact Development Practices into Developed Urban areas Including Barriers and Potential Solution. Open Geosciences 2017, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Shafique, Reeho Kim. Retrofitting the Low Impact Development Practices into Developed Urban areas Including Barriers and Potential Solution. Open Geosciences. 2017; 9 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Shafique; Reeho Kim. 2017. "Retrofitting the Low Impact Development Practices into Developed Urban areas Including Barriers and Potential Solution." Open Geosciences 9, no. 1: 1.