The treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRWW) is of great interest in industrial wastewater management. This wastewater contains a diverse concentration of contaminants such as oil and grease, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenols, ammonia, and sulfides, as well as other organic and inorganic composites. Refinery wastewater treatment has been attempted through various processes, including physical, biological, chemical, and hybrid methods, which combine two or more techniques. This review aims to summarize current research studies involved in the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater using conventional, advanced, and integrated treatment techniques. Furthermore, it critically highlights the efficiencies and major limitations of each technique and the prospects for improvements. Several conventional treatment techniques (basically, the physicochemical and biological processes) are discussed. In this context, advanced oxidation processes (AoPs), especially electrochemical oxidation and photocatalysis, as well as integrated/hybrid processes are found to be effective in removing the recalcitrant fraction of organic pollutants through their various inherent mechanisms. These techniques could effectively remove COD and phenol concentrations with an average removal efficiency exceeding 90%. Hence, the review also presents an elaborate discussion of the photocatalytic process as one of the advanced techniques and highlights some basic concepts to optimize the degradation efficiency of photocatalysts. Finally, a brief recommendation for research prospects is also presented.

Hybrid photocatalytic ozonation (PC/O ₃ ) has emerged as one of the most powerful advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for degrading highly recalcitrant organic contaminants in industrial wastewater.

The treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRWW) is of great interest in the field of industrial wastewater management. The wastewater contains a diverse concentration of contaminants such as oil and grease, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenol, ammonia, sulfides, as well as other organic and inorganic composites etc. The treatment of refinery wastewater has been treated through various processes including; physical, biological, chemical or hybrid methods which combine two or more techniques. Hence, the objective of this review is to summarize the recent research studies applied in the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater using conventional, advanced as well as integrated treatment techniques. Furthermore, critically highlight the efficiencies and major limitations of each technique as well as prospects for improvement. Several conventional treatment techniques (basically, the physicochemical and biological processes) were discussed. In this context, advanced oxidation processes (AoPs) especially electrochemical oxidation and photocatalysis as well as the integrated/hybrid processes are found effective to remove the recalcitrant fraction of organic pollutants because of their various inherent mechanisms. These techniques could effectively remove COD and phenols concentration with an average removal efficiency exceeding 90%. Hence, the review also presented an elaborate discussion of the photocatalytic process as one of the advanced techniques and highlighted some basic concepts to optimize the degradation efficiency of a photocatalyst. Finally, a brief recommendation for research prospects is also presented.

This paper attempts to summarize the simulation results of a steady-state for a natural gas sweetening based on absorption process using tetra ethylamine (TEA). Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture simulation with the use of UNISIM software package was conducted using tetra ethylamine (TEA) to obtain sweet natural gas product that meets standard market specification. The amine weight predicted at 28% loading capacity of the process begins with an appropriate level of hydration for optimum absorption. The aim is to eliminate the CO2 gas to at least 97% level of purity and achieve possible recovery of the amine solvent at the end of the process cycle. The results show that the CO2 gas stream increases with increasing feed temperature and flow rate. The end of the simulation result yields an optimization of 0.036 mole fraction for the CO2 gas and a total recovery of the TEA amine solvent. Equipment duty such as the cooler and lean pump were also determined to evaluate the success rate of the process. However, the amount of the CO2 in the final sweet gas can be affected by the TEA solvent, but it proves better performance than other solvents. In other to ascertain this, the percentage of the methane loss to the solvent was achieved at 0.00104 moles.