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To improve the torque accuracy for open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OEW-PMSM) with common dc bus, it is necessary to eliminate the zero-sequence torque (ZST) caused by zero-sequence current (ZSC) and the third back electromotive force. But the third flux linkage mismatch can enlarge ZSC which causes torque ripple. To deal with the above problem, firstly, a q-axis current injection method combined with deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) is adopted to inject an extra current into the reference q-axis current. The extra torque generated by this injected current can compensate for ZST. Secondly, to ensure the accuracy of the q-axis injected current, a parameter identification method based on recursive least square (RLS) algorithm with forgetting factor is presented to identify the third flux linkage accurately. The identification value can reduce ZSC and torque ripple under different working conditions. And the accurate q-axis injected current can be obtained to counteract ZST and output accurate torque. Finally, three methods are comparatively analyzed in this paper, namely the traditional DPCC method, the DPCC method with q-axis current injection and the proposed DPCC method based on RLS with forgetting factor. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed DPCC method.
Ying Zhou; Shuo Zhang; Xing Cui; Chengning Zhang; Xueping Li. An Accurate Torque Output Method for Open-End Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Drives. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2021, PP, 1 -1.
AMA StyleYing Zhou, Shuo Zhang, Xing Cui, Chengning Zhang, Xueping Li. An Accurate Torque Output Method for Open-End Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Drives. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2021; PP (99):1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing Zhou; Shuo Zhang; Xing Cui; Chengning Zhang; Xueping Li. 2021. "An Accurate Torque Output Method for Open-End Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Drives." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion PP, no. 99: 1-1.
Deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) can predict motor behavior based on SPMSM model. However, during the operation of motor system, motor parameters (such as stator inductance and flux linkage) vary frequently according to different working conditions, which may lead to controller parameter mismatch, causing current harmonic content to increase and efficiency to decrease. In order to solve these problems caused by parameter variation, first, this paper proposes a current prediction error model by considering uncertainties of model parameters. Second, stator inductance and flux linkage are decoupled based on current prediction error model, which can reduce the interaction between parameters. Finally, the Kalman Filter (KF) algorithm is presented to filter the decoupled parameters. It is shown that the stator inductance and flux linkage can be identified accurately and the complexity of computation can be simplified. The traditional DPCC method, Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based DPCC method [30] and the proposed DPCC method are comparatively analyzed in this paper. Simulation and experiment indicate that the proposed parameter decoupling identification method can effectively reduce current harmonic content, current fluctuation and current tracking errors caused by parameter mismatch.
Ying Zhou; Shuo Zhang; Chengning Zhang; Xueping Li; Xuerong Li; Xin Yuan. Current Prediction Error Based Parameter Identification Method for SPMSM With Deadbeat Predictive Current Control. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2021, 36, 1700 -1710.
AMA StyleYing Zhou, Shuo Zhang, Chengning Zhang, Xueping Li, Xuerong Li, Xin Yuan. Current Prediction Error Based Parameter Identification Method for SPMSM With Deadbeat Predictive Current Control. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2021; 36 (3):1700-1710.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYing Zhou; Shuo Zhang; Chengning Zhang; Xueping Li; Xuerong Li; Xin Yuan. 2021. "Current Prediction Error Based Parameter Identification Method for SPMSM With Deadbeat Predictive Current Control." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 36, no. 3: 1700-1710.
This paper discusses a method to consider the effects of the manufacturing uncertainties on the cogging torque harmonics, with which a sensitivity analysis can be incorporated into the design stage instead of just checking it afterwards. With the authors' previous work of the worst-uncertain-combination-analysis (WUCA) method, several design parameters and their effects on the additional cogging torque harmonics under uncertainties are discussed. It is demonstrated that a design with inherent robustness can be obtained through the properly selection of pole-arc coefficient and slot-opening width. A sensitivity index is proposed to estimate the effects of parameter uncertainties on torque harmonics. Some suggestions on improving the design robustness are consequently provided from the aspects of tolerances control and parameter design. The deductions are verified through finite element analysis (FEA) on different pole/slot configurations.
Yongxi Yang; Nicola Bianchi; Gerd Bramerdorfer; Chengning Zhang; Shuo Zhang. Methods to Improve the Cogging Torque Robustness Under Manufacturing Tolerances for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2020, 36, 2152 -2162.
AMA StyleYongxi Yang, Nicola Bianchi, Gerd Bramerdorfer, Chengning Zhang, Shuo Zhang. Methods to Improve the Cogging Torque Robustness Under Manufacturing Tolerances for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2020; 36 (3):2152-2162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYongxi Yang; Nicola Bianchi; Gerd Bramerdorfer; Chengning Zhang; Shuo Zhang. 2020. "Methods to Improve the Cogging Torque Robustness Under Manufacturing Tolerances for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 36, no. 3: 2152-2162.
To improve the performance of open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motors (OW-PMSMs) with a common DC bus, a novel control method that can simultaneously eliminate parameter mismatch in the d-axis, q-axis, and zero-sequence loop (ZSL) is proposed. First, the parameter mismatches are analyzed. Second, an extended state observer (ESO), which can predict the current in the next instant and the disturbance caused by parameter mismatch, is established. By combining the ESO and the deadbeat predictive current control (DPCC) in the d-axis and q-axis, replacing the sampled current in the DPCC with the predictive current in the ESO, and considering predictive disturbance as a voltage reference feedforward compensation, one-step delay and the disturbance caused by parameter mismatch are addressed. Then in the ZSL, the predicted zero-sequence disturbance is considered as a compensation for the reference zero-sequence voltage (ZSV). The ZSV is obtained using the zero-voltage vector redistribution strategy in alternate sub-hexagonal center PWM modulation strategy. The proposed method enhances the robustness of OW-PMSM, against parameter mismatch in the d-axis, q-axis, or ZSL. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulation and experimental results obtained using the traditional DPCC method and the ESO+DPCC method are presented herein.
Xueping Li; Shuo Zhang; Chengning Zhang; Ying Zhou; Chuntao Zhang. An Improved Deadbeat Predictive Current Control Scheme for Open-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Drives With Disturbance Observer. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2020, 36, 4622 -4632.
AMA StyleXueping Li, Shuo Zhang, Chengning Zhang, Ying Zhou, Chuntao Zhang. An Improved Deadbeat Predictive Current Control Scheme for Open-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Drives With Disturbance Observer. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2020; 36 (4):4622-4632.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXueping Li; Shuo Zhang; Chengning Zhang; Ying Zhou; Chuntao Zhang. 2020. "An Improved Deadbeat Predictive Current Control Scheme for Open-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Drives With Disturbance Observer." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 36, no. 4: 4622-4632.
In relation to power converter design, power density is increasing while the form factor isdecreasing. This trend generally reduces the rate of the cooling process, which increases the mutualthermal coupling among the surrounding power components. Most of the traditional modelsusually ignore the mutual effects or just focus on the conduction coupling. To deal with these factors,the thermal modeling for a boost converter system has been built to compare the junctiontemperatures (Tj) and the increments under different working conditions in order to consider theconduction coupling. A multi-variable thermal resistances model is proposed in this paper toincorporate the convection thermal coupling into the mutual thermal effects. The couplingresistances, MOSFET to the diode
Kaixin Wei; Tian Cheng; Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu; Yam P. Siwakoti; Chengning Zhang; Wei; Lu. Multi-Variable Thermal Modeling of Power Devices Considering Mutual Coupling. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 3240 .
AMA StyleKaixin Wei, Tian Cheng, Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu, Yam P. Siwakoti, Chengning Zhang, Wei, Lu. Multi-Variable Thermal Modeling of Power Devices Considering Mutual Coupling. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (16):3240.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaixin Wei; Tian Cheng; Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu; Yam P. Siwakoti; Chengning Zhang; Wei; Lu. 2019. "Multi-Variable Thermal Modeling of Power Devices Considering Mutual Coupling." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16: 3240.
The typical motor has poor heat dissipation conditions that are limited by the installation space and working environment, and the high operation temperature increase has been a bottleneck to improve the power density and torque density. The inner rotor motor is considered to be the research object, and an oil-cooling structure for end winding and stator core is proposed. The heat inside the motor is mainly carried away through the lubricating oil in the form of heat conduction and convection heat transfer. The 3d motor model was built using the ANSYS software. The temperature field of the motor was simulated to analyze the temperature distribution inside the motor under rated and peak working conditions. The low-speed high-torque test and one-hour temperature-rise test of the motor prototype were performed on a bench built in the laboratory. The comparison between the test results with water-cooled motor shows that the temperature-rise rate of oil-cooled motor with the same electromagnetic structure is slower than that of water-jacketed cooled motor, and the temperature difference between the front and back of the motor decreases by 18 °C in half an hour. The oil-cooled method has a good cooling effect on the stator core and works for longer time under rated conditions.
Fulai Guo; Chengning Zhang. Oil-Cooling Method of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle. Energies 2019, 12, 2984 .
AMA StyleFulai Guo, Chengning Zhang. Oil-Cooling Method of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle. Energies. 2019; 12 (15):2984.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFulai Guo; Chengning Zhang. 2019. "Oil-Cooling Method of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle." Energies 12, no. 15: 2984.
This paper proposes an improved continuous-time model predictive control (CTMPC) of permanent magnetic synchronous motors (PMSMs) for a wide-speed range, including the constant torque region and the flux-weakening (FW) region. In the constant torque region, the mathematic models of PMSMs in dq-axes are decoupled without the limitation of DC-link voltage. However, in the FW region, the mathematic models of PMSMs in dq-axes are cross-coupled together with the limitation of DC-link voltage. A nonlinear PMSMs mathematic model in the FW region is presented based on the voltage angle. The solving of the nonlinear mathematic model of PMSMs in FW region will lead to heavy computation load for digital signal processing (DSP). To overcome such a problem, a linearization method of the voltage angle is also proposed to reduce the computation load. The selection of transiting points between the constant torque region and FW regions is researched to improve the performance of the driven system. Compared with the proportional integral (PI) controller, the proposed CTMPC has obvious advantages in dealing with systems’ nonlinear constraints and improving system performance by restraining overshoot current under step torque changing. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in achieving good steady-state performance and smooth switching between the constant torque and FW regions.
Dandan Su; Chengning Zhang; Yugang Dong. An Improved Continuous-Time Model Predictive Control of Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Motors for a Wide-Speed Range. Energies 2017, 10, 2051 .
AMA StyleDandan Su, Chengning Zhang, Yugang Dong. An Improved Continuous-Time Model Predictive Control of Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Motors for a Wide-Speed Range. Energies. 2017; 10 (12):2051.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDandan Su; Chengning Zhang; Yugang Dong. 2017. "An Improved Continuous-Time Model Predictive Control of Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Motors for a Wide-Speed Range." Energies 10, no. 12: 2051.
Core loss is one of the significant factors affecting the high power density of permanent magnet machines; thus, it is necessary to consider core loss in machine design. This paper presents a novel method for calculating the core loss of permanent magnet synchronous machines under space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) excitation, taking magnetic saturation and cross coupling into account. In order to accurately obtain the direct and quadrature (d-q) axis, current in the given load condition, the permanent magnet motor model under SVPWM excitation has been modified, so as to consider the influence of magnetic saturation and cross coupling effects on the d-q axis flux-linkage. Based on the magnetic field distribution caused by permanent magnet and armature reactions, the stator core loss can be calculated with the core loss analytical model, corresponding to the rotational magnetic field. In this study, the method has been applied to analyze core loss in an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine, and has been validated by the experimental results. The influence of pole/slot number combinations on core loss in the same on-load condition is also investigated. This study provides a potential method to guide motor design optimization.
Yanli Feng; Chengning Zhang. Core Loss Analysis of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines under SVPWM Excitation with Considering Saturation. Energies 2017, 10, 1716 .
AMA StyleYanli Feng, Chengning Zhang. Core Loss Analysis of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines under SVPWM Excitation with Considering Saturation. Energies. 2017; 10 (11):1716.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYanli Feng; Chengning Zhang. 2017. "Core Loss Analysis of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines under SVPWM Excitation with Considering Saturation." Energies 10, no. 11: 1716.
This paper proposes a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) self-heating method, in which EVs can be operated independently of external power source at low temperature, with a lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack discharging electricity to provide PTC material with power. Three comparative heating experiments have been carried out respectively. With charge/discharge tests implemented, results demonstrate the superiority of the self-heating method, proving that the discharge capability, especially the discharge capacity of the self-heated pack is better than that of the external power heated pack. In order to evaluate the heating effect of this method, further studies are conducted on temperature distribution uniformity in the heated pack. Firstly, a geometric model is established, and heat-generation rate of PTC materials and LIB are calculated. Then, thermal characteristics of the self-heating experiment processes are numerically simulated, validating the accuracy of our modeling and confirming that temperature distributions inside the pack after heating are kept in good uniformity. Therefore, the PTC self-heating method is verified to have a significant effect on the improvement of performance of LIB at low temperature.
Chengning Zhang; Xin Jin; Junqiu Li. PTC Self-Heating Experiments and Thermal Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack in Electric Vehicles. Energies 2017, 10, 572 .
AMA StyleChengning Zhang, Xin Jin, Junqiu Li. PTC Self-Heating Experiments and Thermal Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack in Electric Vehicles. Energies. 2017; 10 (4):572.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChengning Zhang; Xin Jin; Junqiu Li. 2017. "PTC Self-Heating Experiments and Thermal Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack in Electric Vehicles." Energies 10, no. 4: 572.
Permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are widely used in electric vehicles owing to many advantages, such as high power density, high efficiency, etc. Iron losses can account for a significant component of the total loss in permanent-magnet (PM) machines. Consequently, these losses should be carefully considered during the PMSM design. In this paper, an analytical calculation method has been proposed to predict the magnetic field distribution and stator iron losses in the surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) synchronous machines. The method introduces the notion of complex relative air-gap permeance to take into account the effect of slotting. The imaginary part of the relative air-gap permeance is neglected to simplify the calculation of the magnetic field distribution in the slotted air gap for the surface-mounted permanent-magnet (SPM) machine. Based on the armature reaction magnetic field analysis, the stator iron losses can be estimated by the modified Steinmetz equation. The stator iron losses under load conditions are calculated according to the varying d-q-axis currents of different control methods. In order to verify the analysis method, finite element simulation results are compared with analytical calculations. The comparisons show good performance of the proposed analytical method.
Zhen Tian; Chengning Zhang; Shuo Zhang. Analytical Calculation of Magnetic Field Distribution and Stator Iron Losses for Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines. Energies 2017, 10, 320 .
AMA StyleZhen Tian, Chengning Zhang, Shuo Zhang. Analytical Calculation of Magnetic Field Distribution and Stator Iron Losses for Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines. Energies. 2017; 10 (3):320.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhen Tian; Chengning Zhang; Shuo Zhang. 2017. "Analytical Calculation of Magnetic Field Distribution and Stator Iron Losses for Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines." Energies 10, no. 3: 320.
This paper presents an on-board vehicular battery charger that integrates bidirectional AC/DC converter and DC/DC converter to achieve high power density for application in electric vehicles (EVs). The integrated charger is able to transfer electrical energy between the battery pack and the electric traction system and to function as an AC/DC battery charger. The integrated charger topology is presented and the design of passive components is discussed. The control schemes are developed for motor drive system and battery-charging system with a power pulsation reduction circuit. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink and experiments on a 30-kW motor drive and 3.3-kW AC/DC charging prototype validate the performance of the proposed technology. In addition, power losses, efficiency comparison and thermal stress for the integrated charger are illustrated. The results of the analyses show the validity of the advanced integrated charger for electric vehicles.
Liwen Pan; Chengning Zhang. An Integrated Multifunctional Bidirectional AC/DC and DC/DC Converter for Electric Vehicles Applications. Energies 2016, 9, 493 .
AMA StyleLiwen Pan, Chengning Zhang. An Integrated Multifunctional Bidirectional AC/DC and DC/DC Converter for Electric Vehicles Applications. Energies. 2016; 9 (7):493.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiwen Pan; Chengning Zhang. 2016. "An Integrated Multifunctional Bidirectional AC/DC and DC/DC Converter for Electric Vehicles Applications." Energies 9, no. 7: 493.
The charging method of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs) significantly affects its commercial application. This paper aims to make three contributions to the existing literature. (1) In order to achieve an efficient charging strategy for lithium-ion batteries with shorter charging time and lower charring loss, the trade-off problem between charging loss and charging time has been analyzed in details through the dynamic programing (DP) optimization algorithm; (2) To reduce the computation time consumed during the optimization process, we have proposed a database based optimization approach. After off-line calculation, the simulation results can be applied to on-line charge; (3) The novel database-based DP method is proposed and the simulation results illustrate that this method can effectively find the suboptimal charging strategies under a certain balance between the charging loss and charging time.
Shuo Zhang; Chengning Zhang; Rui Xiong; Wei Zhou. Study on the Optimal Charging Strategy for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles. Energies 2014, 7, 6783 -6797.
AMA StyleShuo Zhang, Chengning Zhang, Rui Xiong, Wei Zhou. Study on the Optimal Charging Strategy for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles. Energies. 2014; 7 (10):6783-6797.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShuo Zhang; Chengning Zhang; Rui Xiong; Wei Zhou. 2014. "Study on the Optimal Charging Strategy for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles." Energies 7, no. 10: 6783-6797.