Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known as the first non-communicable global epidemic. It is estimated that 537 million people have DM, but the condition has been properly diagnosed in less than half of these patients. Despite numerous preventive measures, the number of DM cases is steadily increasing. The state of chronic hyperglycaemia in the body leads to numerous complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). A number of pathophysiological mechanisms are behind the development and progression of cardiomyopathy, including increased oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, increased synthesis of advanced glycation products and overexpression of the biosynthetic pathway of certain compounds, such as hexosamine. There is extensive research on the treatment of DCM, and there are a number of therapies that can stop the development of this complication. Among the compounds used to treat DCM are antiglycaemic drugs, hypoglycaemic drugs and drugs used to treat myocardial failure. An important element in combating DCM that should be kept in mind is a healthy lifestyle—a well-balanced diet and physical activity. There is also a group of compounds—including coenzyme Q10, antioxidants and modulators of signalling pathways and inflammatory processes, among others—that are being researched continuously, and their introduction into routine therapies is likely to result in greater control and more effective treatment of DM in the future. This paper summarises the latest recommendations for lifestyle and pharmacological treatment of cardiomyopathy in patients with DM.

Various stimulants (VS) are chemicals that disrupt the endocrine system — endocrine homeostasis of the reproductive system — which also known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These substances are found in the human body, in both the blood and urine, amniotic fluid, or, among others, the adipose tissue. This article presents the current state of knowledge of the effect of EDCs and additional factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and cannabis on the gonads. The article is an overview of the impact of EDCs and their mechanism of action, with particular emphasis on gonads, based on databases such as PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar, and Web of Science available until May 2022. The impact of human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is not fully understood, but it has been shown that phthalates show a negative correlation in anti-androgenic activity in the case of men and women for the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Smoking cigarettes and passive exposure to tobacco have a huge impact on the effects of endocrine disorders in both women and men, especially during the reproductive time. Also, the use of large amounts of cannabinoids during the reproductive years can lead to similar disorders. It has been documented that excessive alcohol consumption leads to disturbed function of the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG). Excess caffeine consumption may adversely affect male reproductive function, although this is not fully proven. Therefore, the following publication presents various stimulants (BPA, phthalates, nicotine, alcohol, cannabis) that disrupt the function of the endocrine system and, in particular, affect the function of the gonads. Various stimulants (VS) are chemicals that disrupt the endocrine system — endocrine homeostasis of the reproductive system — which also known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These substances are found in the human body, in both the blood and urine, amniotic fluid, or, among others, the adipose tissue. This article presents the current state of knowledge of the effect of EDCs and additional factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and cannabis on the gonads. The article is an overview of the impact of EDCs and their mechanism of action, with particular emphasis on gonads, based on databases such as PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar, and Web of Science available until May 2022. The impact of human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is not fully understood, but it has been shown that phthalates show a negative correlation in anti-androgenic activity in the case of men and women for the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Smoking cigarettes and passive exposure to tobacco have a huge impact on the effects of endocrine disorders in both women and men, especially during the reproductive time. Also, the use of large amounts of cannabinoids during the reproductive years can lead to similar disorders. It has been documented that excessive alcohol consumption leads to disturbed function of the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG). Excess caffeine consumption may adversely affect male reproductive function, although this is not fully proven. Therefore, the following publication presents various stimulants (BPA, phthalates, nicotine, alcohol, cannabis) that disrupt the function of the endocrine system and, in particular, affect the function of the gonads.

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is due to an autoimmune process that destroys thyrocytes, leading to hormonal disorders. AIT is more common in women, and the aetiology is multifactorial. The destruction of thyroid cells may release free thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, causing hyperthyroid symptoms. With further destruction of thyroid cells, patients develop euthyroidism and eventually chronic hypothyroidism. The diagnosis of AIT is based on clinical symptoms, positive anti-thyroid antibodies, ultrasound, and histological features. The main goal of treatment is correcting hormonal disorders and achieving euthyroidism. Treatment of AIT involves replacing thyroid hormone deficiency with the use of synthetic hormones. Prophylactic levothyroxine (L-T4) treatment of euthyroid patients with AIT may reduce both serological and cellular markers of autoimmunisation. Attention should be paid to the starting dose of L-T4, potential drug interactions, and drug formulation. A follow-up should be planned to determine the optimal dose. The authors highlighted that a healthy lifestyle and supplementing selected vitamins and microelements appropriately are essential. In selected clinical conditions, thyroidectomy should be considered. There are also alternative therapeutic strategies, such as herbal medicine and acupuncture, but their effectiveness has yet to be conclusively confirmed in research studies. Monitoring the thyroid gland enlargement and the possibility of developing nodular goitre is integral to patient care over AIT patients. In conclusion, treating AIT is complex, involving thyroid hormone replacement therapy, taking care of a healthy diet and lifestyle, and proper supplementation. It requires an individual approach. Regular follow-up is necessary to control the disease and minimise its effects. Keywords: autoimmune thyroiditis thyroid hypothyroidism autoimmune disease levothyroxine TSH thyroidectomy acupuncture radioactive iodine herbal medicine

Introduction: Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy (GHT) for short stature resulting from growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is effective in promoting optimal growth velocity and achieving an appropriate final height. However, the specific metabolic changes in children during replacement GHT remain unclear. Content: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of GHT on metabolism in children with GHD. This is a review of the literature published at PubMed/MEDLINE between January 2010 and August 2024, including original articles. The authors searched Medline using the following keywords: growth hormone therapy in children OR growth hormone treatment in children AND metabolism OR glycemia OR glycated hemoglobin OR insulin OR lipid profile OR blood pressure OR bone mineral density OR body mass index OR waist circumference OR hip circumference OR waist-to-hip ratio OR lean body mass OR visceral fat OR muscle strength OR physical activity OR exercise. Summary and Outlook: GHT in children positively affects the lipid profile and body composition. Nevertheless, rhGH treatment may increase fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and indices of insulin resistance. GHT in children has not been associated with an increased risk of diabetes. No changes in blood pressure during GHT were observed. The results of our review show that GHT impacts lipid profiles, carbohydrate metabolism, and body composition. Further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms by which GH regulates substrate metabolism.

Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is a disorder in the pediatric population resulting from antidiuretic hormone deficiency. The excessive production of dilute urine characterizes it and manifests with polyuria, nocturia, and polydipsia. The diagnostics of CDI is often challenging, especially concerning the underlying condition of the disease. This article highlights the diverse clinical presentation of children with CDI and diagnostic difficulties among patients with polyuria and polydipsia. The article also reviews the etiology, symptoms, diagnostic workup, and management of CDI. We present 4 pediatric patients (aged 3-13.5 years) diagnosed with CDI of different etiology: 1 due to septo-optic dysplasia/optic nerve hypoplasia and 3 due to acquired processes such as Langerhans cell histiocytosis and germ cell tumor in 2 patients. Central diabetes insipidus was the first manifestation of a tumor or granuloma in all presented patients with acquired pathology. The patients sometimes need long-term follow-up to establish the proper final diagnosis.