This study examines the relationship between entrepreneurship density and environmental quality in 28 Asia-Pacific countries using the PMG estimator as a panel data estimation method in the context of the ARDL model. The study finds that entrepreneurship density has no statistically significant short-term effects on CO₂ emissions in all three economic sectors, but it appears to have statistically significant effects on CO₂ emissions in agriculture and industry in the long run. The study suggests that the nature of entrepreneurship activities and their impact on the environment changes from low-income to high-income countries, with entrepreneurship activities with innovations and creativity primarily found in the industrial sector, improving economic efficiency and reducing industrial emissions. However, entrepreneurship activities with natural resource rents, such as large land use or forest rents, can cause environmental degradation. The study provides further insights by interacting entrepreneurship density with the income variable, revealing that entrepreneurship density has different effects on sectoral emissions in low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries. Finally, the study provides interesting findings on the relationship between entrepreneurship density and environmental quality, such as biodiversity and water quality.

Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption has expanded rapidly in Australia, resulting in one of the highest household adoption rates in the world. Yet the partisan politics and policy drivers of this growth, and its distributional welfare consequences, remain empirically underexplored. Using a balanced panel dataset of 137 Australian Local Government Areas (LGAs) over 2006-2023, this study examines how partisan governance and major policy incentives, specifically the Small-Scale Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES) and Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs), affect residential solar uptake, and how adoption in turn affects household energy expenditure. Employing a Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) estimator, the paper finds that both instruments significantly stimulate adoption, with FiTs exhibiting a substantially stronger effect than upfront subsidies. Partisan alignment between federal and state Labor governments amplifies uptake above and beyond the individual-level effects of either government alone. While solar adoption reduces average household energy expenditure by up to 44% by 2023 relative to 2011 levels, income-stratified analysis reveals that higher-income LGAs capture significantly larger savings, raising important equity implications for the design of universal renewable energy incentive schemes.

This study examines the critical role of international financial flows in supporting renewable energy (RE) research, development, and production (RD&P) toward environmental quality, i.e., reducing carbon emissions in developing countries. Examining a sample of 89 nations during 2000-2020, the research highlights the sustained positive impact of such financial support. However, this influence is contingent upon specific conditions, including effective government commitment to environmental protection and advancements in green technology application. The study underscores the need for increased financial mobilization, including grants, aid, low-interest credit, and loans, alongside policies to attract private investment in RE in developing countries.