Background: Sarcopenia has recently been recognized as a complication of diabetes. However, there are few results about the prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia and the related clinical outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Our objectives were to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia and to determine whether there are any associations with disease-related factors in people with T1DM. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in people with T1DM. We assessed appendicular skeletal mass index (ASMI) using bioimpedance 50 Hz (Nutrilab Akern). Muscle function was assessed through handgrip strength (HGS) using a Jamar dynamometer. Sarcopenia was defined as a low HGS with low ASMI, whereas dynapenia was defined as low HGS with a normal ASMI. We used HGS data from the Spanish population percentile table and a cut-off point at p5 as dynapenia. The association of clinical, metabolic, and lifestyle variables with sarcopenia and dynapenia was studied. Results: This study included 62 T1DM patients (66% females, mean age of 38 ± 14 years, body mass index (BMI) of 24.9 ± 4.7 kg/m²). The prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia was 8% and 23%, respectively. In our sample, there were more men in the sarcopenic and dynapenic groups. The sarcopenic group showed a significantly higher mean HbA1c value. Lower diabetes duration, PREDIMED score, BMI, and muscle mass measures (fat-free mass index (FFMI), ASMI, and body cell mass index (BCMI)) were significantly associated with sarcopenia. Decreased diabetes duration, PREDIMED score, phase angle (PhA), and HGS values showed a significant association with dynapenia. Conclusions: The prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia was high in people with T1DM in our study. Specifically, the proportion of dynapenia was quite high. HGS and ASMI are practical tools for the assessment of muscle health status in T1DM, and low values are associated with poor glycemic control, underweight, and low adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Thus, dynapenia may predict accelerated muscle aging in T1DM.

Background: Malnutrition is highly prevalent in patients with head and neck cancer, with relevant consequences in the treatment results. Methods: Multicenter observational study including 514 patients diagnosed with HNC. The morphofunctional assessment was carried out during the first 2 weeks of radiotherapy treatment. A correlation analysis between nutritional variables and groups of malnutrition, a multivariate logistic regression analysis, and a random forest analysis to select the most relevant variables to predict malnutrition were performed. Results: In total, 51.6% were undernourished (26.3% moderately and 25.3% severely). There was a negative correlation between morphofunctional variables and a positive correlation between hsCRP and well vs. moderate and well vs. severe malnutrition groups. The increase in different bioelectrical and ultrasound parameters was associated with a lower risk of moderate and severe malnutrition when groups with different degrees of malnutrition were compared. To predict the importance of morphofunctional variables on the risk of undernutrition, a nomogram, a random forest, and decision tree models were conducted. For the well vs. moderate, for the well vs. severe, and for the moderate vs. severe malnutrition groups, FFMI (cut-off < 20 kg/m²), BCMI (cut-off < 7.6 kg/m²), and RF-Y-axis (cut-off < 0.94 cm), respectively, were the most crucial variables, showing a greater probability of mortality in the two last comparisons. Conclusions: Malnutrition is very prevalent in HNC patients. Morphofunctional assessment with simple tools such as electrical impedance and muscle ultrasound allows an early nutritional diagnosis with an impact on survival. Therefore, these techniques should be incorporated into the daily clinical attention of patients with HNC.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease frequently accompanied by malnutrition due to weight loss, increased energy expenditure, and muscle mass loss. This study aimed to evaluate morphofunctional assessment tools as predictors of malnutrition and to investigate their relationship with muscle status and disease severity in ALS patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 45 ALS patients at the San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada. Malnutrition was assessed using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. Morphofunctional assessment was performed using Bioimpedance Vectorial Analysis (BIVA), handgrip strength (HGS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Malnutrition prevalence was 38% according to GLIM criteria. Significant differences were observed between malnourished and non-malnourished groups in age (70 ± 9 vs. 62 ± 10 years, p = 0.01), sex (female prevalence: 58.8% vs. 25.0%, p = 0.02), dysphagia prevalence (83% vs. 29%, p < 0.001), PEG/PRG use (35.3% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.01), and ALSFRS-R scores (30 ± 12 vs. 34 ± 12, p = 0.02). Malnourished patients had lower values in anthropometric measurements, muscle mass obtained by BIVA, and phase angle (PA) (4.05 ± 0.8° vs. 5.09 ± 0.8°, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in muscle strength or functional status. PA showed significant correlations with muscle strength (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) and muscle mass measures (r = 0.48, p < 0.001). Moreover, PA was associated with poorer disease progression and physical performance. In our sample, BIVA metrics such as PA (<4.3°), SPA (<−0.8), body cell mass (49.75%) were identified as malnutrition risk factors. The study underscores the critical importance of comprehensive morphofunctional assessment and the use of advanced diagnostic criteria, for early identification and intervention in malnutrition among people with ALS. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and develop targeted nutritional strategies into routine clinical practice.

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and functional decline. Prognostic assessment in clinical practice relies largely on functional scales and traditional anthropometric measures. The prognostic relevance of muscle mass, muscle strength and sarcopenia in ALS remains incompletely defined. This study evaluated the prognostic value of muscle mass, muscle function and sarcopenia in relation to mortality in patients with ALS. Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted at the ALS Multidisciplinary Unit (UMELA), San Cecilio University Hospital in Granada. Sarcopenia was defined according to the European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) and malnutrition using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. Muscle status was assessed using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA)‐derived parameters, muscle ultrasound, handgrip strength (HGS) and physical performance (SPPB). Differences between survivors and nonsurvivors were analysed and logistic regression explored potential predictors of mortality. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for significant predictors. Survival was analysed using the Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: A total of 42 patients with ALS were included (mean age 66.1 ± 10.3 years, and 15 (36%) were female). During follow‐up (mean survival 21.1 ± 10.5 months), 45% died. Survivors showed higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) (6.94 ± 0.91 vs. 5.80 ± 0.98 kg/m ² , p = 0.001), body cellular mass index (BCMI) (8.92 ± 1.59 vs. 7.64 ± 1.87 kg/m ² , p = 0.034) and HGS (25.45 ± 11.11 vs. 17.67 ± 8.83 kg, p = 0.032), while BMI did not differ ( p = 0.540). Sarcopenia was more prevalent in nonsurvivors (27.8% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.047). In multivariable analysis, ASMI remained associated with mortality after adjustment for age, onset type and ALSFRS‐R (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11–0.81, p = 0.026), but this association was not statistically significant in the fully adjusted model including disease duration ( p = 0.093). ASMI showed the highest discriminative ability (AUC 0.81), compared to BCMI (AUC 0.70) and HGS (AUC 0.71). ROC‐derived cut‐offs (ASMI 6.74 kg/m ² ; BCMI 7.2 kg/m ² ; HGS 21 kg) stratified survival. Higher ASMI (HR 7.53, p = 0.008), BCMI (HR 4.18, p = 0.005) and HGS (HR 4.02, p = 0.019) were associated with longer survival, whereas sarcopenia increased mortality risk (HR 15.53, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Beyond BMI, skeletal muscle mass—particularly ASMI—was associated with survival in ALS. Sarcopenia identifies a subgroup of patients at particularly high risk of death. Sarcopenia assessment may improve prognostic stratification and support clinical management in ALS.