Introduction: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI) models in identifying prognostic and predictive biomarkers in lung cancer. With the increasing complexity of lung cancer subtypes and the need for personalized treatment strategies, AI-driven approaches offer a promising avenue for biomarker discovery and clinical decision-making.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in multiple electronic databases to identify relevant studies published up to date. Studies investigating AI models for the identification of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in lung cancer were included. Data extraction, quality assessment, and meta-analysis were performed according to PRISMA guidelines.Results: A total of 34 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing diverse AI methodologies and biomarker targets. AI models, particularly deep learning and machine learning algorithms demonstrated high accuracy in predicting biomarker status. Most of the studies developed models for the prediction of EGFR, followed by PD-L1 and ALK biomarkers in lung cancer. Internal and external validation techniques confirmed the robustness and generalizability of AI-driven predictions across heterogeneous patient cohorts. According to our results, the pooled sensitivity and pooled specificity of AI models for the prediction of biomarkers of lung cancer were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.72 – 0.82) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.78 – 0.84).Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis highlight the significant potential of AI models in facilitating non-invasive assessment of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in lung cancer. By enhancing diagnostic accuracy and guiding treatment selection, AI-driven approaches have the potential to revolutionize personalized oncology and improve patient outcomes in lung cancer management. Further research is warranted to validate and optimize the clinical utility of AI-driven biomarkers in large-scale prospective studies.

Purpose: Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially ChatGPT, is rapidly assimilating into healthcare, providing significant advantages in pharmacy practice, such as improved clinical decision-making, patient counselling, and drug information management. The adoption of AI tools is heavily contingent upon pharmacy practitioners’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). This study sought to evaluate the knowledge and practices of pharmacists in Saudi Arabia concerning the utilization of ChatGPT in their daily activities. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from May 2023 to July 2024 including pharmacists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. An online pre-validated KAP questionnaire was disseminated, collecting data on demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices about ChatGPT. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were conducted using SPSS. Results: Of 1022 respondents, 78.7% were familiar with AI in pharmacy, while 90.1% correctly identified ChatGPT as an advanced AI chatbot. Positive attitudes towards ChatGPT were reported by 64.1% of pharmacists, although only 24.3% used AI tools regularly. Significant predictors of positive attitudes and practices included academic/research roles (β=0.7, p=0.005) and 6– 10 years of experience (β=0.9, p=0.05). Ethical concerns were raised by 64% of respondents, and 92% reported a lack of formal training. Conclusion: While the majority of pharmacists held positive attitudes toward ChatGPT, practical implementation remains limited due to ethical concerns and inadequate training. Addressing these barriers is essential for successful AI integration in pharmacy, supporting Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 initiative.

Introduction: The use of mobile phone technology for chronic illness self-management is growing, and it may help people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Innovative methods are needed to improve patient involvement and disease management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to the high incidence of T2DM. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore how the T2DM patients in KSA utilizes their mobile phones for self-management. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2024 among T2DM patients who were attending endocrinologists for their diabetes management in the Northern Border region (Rafha and Arar) and the Central region (Riyadh) in KSA using a validated questionnaire. Results: This study included a total of 267 participants with T2DM. Nearly all participants (99.3%) possess a cellphone, with 94.8% having daily internet access. The majority of the patients reported to have an intention to use mobile phones and the internet for managing diabetes, with 78.3% for dietary planning, 79.4% for physical activity planning, and 78.7% for text messages as reminders. Factors such as female (p = 0.008), younger age (p = 0.001), and duration of diabetes (p = <0.001) were significantly associated with the intention to use mobile apps for managing their diabetes. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a significantly higher inclination of participants toward mobile phone technology for diabetes self-management vs. face-to-face consultations. These findings highlight the promising role of mobile phone technology for enhancing diabetes self-management among T2DM patients, thus highlighting the need for targeted interventions.

This study aims to assess the length of stay and cost per hypoglycemia episode, as well as to determine the factors that influence the length of stay, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and hospitalization costs among patients with diabetes mellitus. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted on a cohort of diabetic individuals who experienced confirmed hypoglycemia episodes. The data pertaining to these patients were obtained from their respective hospital medical records, covering the period from January 2021 to December 2022. King Fahd Medical City was selected as the site of data collection for this study. A total of 396 patients were involved in this study. The median duration of stay for the patients was 7.0 (2.0–16.0) days. Only 3.0% of the patients had a previous hypoglycemia admission history. Around 53.3% of the patients were admitted to the ICU. The median duration of ICU admission stay was 1.0 (0.0–1.0) days. The highest cost driver for patients with hypoglycemia was ICU stay with a median cost of 9000.0 (1125.0–15750.0) Saudi Arabia riyal (SAR) (2399.6 (300.0–4199.2) United States dollar (USD)). The total median cost associated with hypoglycemia hospitalization was 4696.0 (886.5–12789.5) SAR (1252.0 (236.4–3410.0) USD). Ex-smokers were more likely to have higher hospitalization costs for hypoglycemia (4.4-folds) ( P < .001). Being admitted to the ICU increased the likelihood of having a longer length of hospitalization by 2.6-folds ( P < .001). Patients with longer diabetes duration (above 9 years) were more likely to be admitted to the ICU by 2.9-folds ( P = .008). Understanding the factors that affect hypoglycemia hospitalization cost and length is essential for improving diabetes care and resource usage. Identifying high-risk patients and implementing efficient preventative strategies can lower the economic burden of DM and accompanying hypoglycemic episodes and enhance DM management.

Background/Objectives: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used, yet questions persist about kidney-related adverse events. We evaluated disproportional reporting of acute kidney injury (AKI) and tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) with PPIs in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 2020 to 2025. Methods: FAERS reports were screened using MedDRA Preferred Terms. Report characteristics and annual counts of AKI and TIN reports were summarized. Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean (EBGM), and Information Content (IC) were used to assess disproportionality. Results: We identified 13,654 PPI-associated AKI reports and 2409 TIN reports in FAERS (2020–2025). Reports were predominantly from the United States, and missing age/sex information was common. Hospitalization was reported in 12.3% of AKI and 22.7% of TIN reports, and death in 9.1% and 5.0%, respectively. Across all years, disproportionality analyses using ROR, PRR, EBGM, and IC consistently met signal thresholds for both outcomes, with stronger signals in 2020–2022 and attenuation thereafter alongside declining report counts. Conclusions: FAERS data show persistent disproportional reporting of AKI and TIN with PPI use. Causality cannot be inferred, but the findings support cautious, indication-based PPI prescribing and highlight the need for robust studies to clarify renal safety.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health concern worldwide. CKD has become a major health concern in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) owing to rising rates of diabetes and hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and competence of healthcare professionals in KSA regarding CKD management, focusing on aspects such as screening, diagnosis, complications, and treatment, based on the latest evidence-based guidelines. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare professionals involved in management of patients with CKD and DM patients in the KSA. The duration of the study was six months, that is, September 1, 2024, to February 28^th, 2025. A validated self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the participants’ confidence in different aspect of CKD management. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, the relative importance index (RII) and univariate binary logistic regression to identify factors associated with higher confidence using SPSS. Results: A total of 391 healthcare professionals were included in this study. Among the healthcare professionals recruited, 54.0% were age group– 28-37 years and 52.2% were pharmacists. The regression analysis showed diabetologists demonstrated the highest confidence in selecting appropriate CKD management (OR = 9.78, 95% CI: 2.39– 39.96, p = 0.002), 5.16 times higher odds for understanding ACE-Is/ARBs (OR = 5.16, 95% CI 1.40– 19.10, p = 0.014), and 6.09 times higher odds for initiating newer agents for diabetic kidney disease (OR = 6.09, 95% CI: 1.67– 22.30, p = 0.006). Confidence increased progressively with professional experience, particularly among those with 3– 4 years (OR = 5.14, 95% CI 1.63– 16.25), 7– 8 years (OR = 8.40– 14.58, 95% CI 2.46– 54.81), and 9– 10 years (OR = 11.25– 15.87, 95% CI 2.52– 78.32; p < 0.01). Conclusion: Confidence in CKD management among healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia was variable and influenced by professional role and experience. Diabetologists and those with 3– 10 years of experience reported significantly higher confidence. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational interventions to strengthen CKD management confidence and capacity among primary care professionals.