Detecting and analyzing emotions from human facial movement is a problem defined and developed over many years for the benefits it brings. Facial expression is a crux of the human-computer interaction (HCI) research area. Researchers are exploring its application in security, medical science, and to know the behavior of a person or community. In this paper, we have proposed a deep learning-based framework using transfer learning for facial expression. This approach uses the existing VGG16 model for a modified trained model and concatenates additional layers on it. VGG16 model is already trained on ImageNet, which has 1000 classes. After this, the model has been verified on CK+, JAFFE benchmark datasets. Extended Cohn-Kanade (CK+) and Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) are popular Facial Expression Dataset. The proposed model has shown 94.8% accuracy on CK+ and 93.7% on the JAFFE dataset and found superior to existing techniques. We have implemented proposed technique on Google Colab-GPU that has helped us to process these data.

Background and motivation: Lung computed tomography (CT) techniques are high-resolution and are well adopted in the intensive care unit (ICU) for COVID-19 disease control classification. Most artificial intelligence (AI) systems do not undergo generalization and are typically overfitted. Such trained AI systems are not practical for clinical settings and therefore do not give accurate results when executed on unseen data sets. We hypothesize that ensemble deep learning (EDL) is superior to deep transfer learning (TL) in both non-augmented and augmented frameworks. Methodology: The system consists of a cascade of quality control, ResNet–UNet-based hybrid deep learning for lung segmentation, and seven models using TL-based classification followed by five types of EDL’s. To prove our hypothesis, five different kinds of data combinations (DC) were designed using a combination of two multicenter cohorts—Croatia (80 COVID) and Italy (72 COVID and 30 controls)—leading to 12,000 CT slices. As part of generalization, the system was tested on unseen data and statistically tested for reliability/stability. Results: Using the K5 (80:20) cross-validation protocol on the balanced and augmented dataset, the five DC datasets improved TL mean accuracy by 3.32%, 6.56%, 12.96%, 47.1%, and 2.78%, respectively. The five EDL systems showed improvements in accuracy of 2.12%, 5.78%, 6.72%, 32.05%, and 2.40%, thus validating our hypothesis. All statistical tests proved positive for reliability and stability. Conclusion: EDL showed superior performance to TL systems for both (a) unbalanced and unaugmented and (b) balanced and augmented datasets for both (i) seen and (ii) unseen paradigms, validating both our hypotheses.

Background: Diagnosing lung diseases accurately is crucial for proper treatment. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have advanced medical image processing, but challenges remain in their accurate explainability and reliability. This study combines U-Net with attention and Vision Transformers (ViTs) to enhance lung disease segmentation and classification. We hypothesize that Attention U-Net will enhance segmentation accuracy and that ViTs will improve classification performance. The explainability methodologies will shed light on model decision-making processes, aiding in clinical acceptance. Methodology: A comparative approach was used to evaluate deep learning models for segmenting and classifying lung illnesses using chest X-rays. The Attention U-Net model is used for segmentation, and architectures consisting of four CNNs and four ViTs were investigated for classification. Methods like Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping plus plus (Grad-CAM++) and Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) provide explainability by identifying crucial areas influencing model decisions. Results: The results support the conclusion that ViTs are outstanding in identifying lung disorders. Attention U-Net obtained a Dice Coefficient of 98.54% and a Jaccard Index of 97.12%. ViTs outperformed CNNs in classification tasks by 9.26%, reaching an accuracy of 98.52% with MobileViT. An 8.3% increase in accuracy was seen while moving from raw data classification to segmented image classification. Techniques like Grad-CAM++ and LRP provided insights into the decision-making processes of the models. Conclusions: This study highlights the benefits of integrating Attention U-Net and ViTs for analyzing lung diseases, demonstrating their importance in clinical settings. Emphasizing explainability clarifies deep learning processes, enhancing confidence in AI solutions and perhaps enhancing clinical acceptance for improved healthcare results.

Face recognition could be a technology capable of distinguishing or confirming an individual from a digital image or a video frame from a video supply. Face recognition technology is employed in wide selection of applications like authentication, access management, and police investigation. It is finding applications in all industries ranging from retail, advertising to banking etc. It is to this extent that Large retailers are using facial recognition to recognize customers and present offers, they also use it to catch shoplifters. Deep learning Network is influencing every aspect of computer vision technology and research. In this paper, we are depicting the role and achievements of different deep models for face recognition in images and videos, we have also compared recent algorithms for face recognition.

Skin lesion classification plays a crucial role in dermatology, aiding in the early detection, diagnosis, and management of life-threatening malignant lesions. However, standalone transfer learning (TL) models failed to deliver optimal performance. In this study, we present an attention-enabled ensemble-based deep learning technique, a powerful, novel, and generalized method for extracting features for the classification of skin lesions. This technique holds significant promise in enhancing diagnostic accuracy by using seven pre-trained TL models for classification. Six ensemble-based DL (EBDL) models were created using stacking, softmax voting, and weighted average techniques. Furthermore, we investigated the attention mechanism as an effective paradigm and created seven attention-enabled transfer learning (aeTL) models before branching out to construct three attention-enabled ensemble-based DL (aeEBDL) models to create a reliable, adaptive, and generalized paradigm. The mean accuracy of the TL models is 95.30%, and the use of an ensemble-based paradigm increased it by 4.22%, to 99.52%. The aeTL models’ performance was superior to the TL models in accuracy by 3.01%, and aeEBDL models outperformed aeTL models by 1.29%. Statistical tests show significant p-value and Kappa coefficient along with a 99.6% reliability index for the aeEBDL models. The approach is highly effective and generalized for the classification of skin lesions.

The population of India is over one billion. Nearly 65 percent of the population of India lives in villages with the main occupation being agriculture. The diverse climatic conditions in the country result in the production of a large number of agricultural items. Many surveys have proved that the suicide rate of farmers is proliferating over years due to the selection of the wrong crop resulting in less yield. In some areas, farmers lack information about the composition of soil and weather conditions and may choose the wrong crop to sow which results in lesser yield. Production of crops depends on geographical parameters like humidity, rainfall and properties of soil such as pH, and NPK content. Integration of technology with agriculture helps the farmer to improve his production. The main goal of agricultural planning is to achieve the maximum yield rate of crops by using a limited number of land resources. This paper mainly focuses on recommending the appropriate crop using ML Algorithms ( Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, Random Forest ) based on soil composition and weather conditions to maximize the yield of the farm and increase the economic condition of India’s farmers.