To improve agricultural production efficiency, increase farmers’ income, and promote sustainable development, we established a multi-objective optimisation model for crop planting structure in an irrigation area using the grey wolf optimisation (GWO) algorithm to comprehensively consider the resource, economic, and social objectives associated with agriculture. This model was subsequently applied to obtain the optimal planting structure in the southern bank of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir irrigation area in Henan Province, China. The planting areas of wheat, corn, autumn miscellaneous, and economic crops are 30,417; 25,050; 7157; and 1789 hm², respectively. The irrigation water is 8292.66 × 10⁴ m³, output value of crops is 105,721.37 × 10⁴ CNY, and crop yield is 34,280.31 × 10⁴ kg. Different solutions are used to solve the model to evaluate the results, and the order degree entropy method is used to evaluate and compare the results of multiple solutions. The optimisation scheme obtained with this model is consistent with the evaluation results of the cooperative game optimisation scheme, and the relative order degree entropy is 0.136, which is better than that in other schemes. Thus, the optimisation scheme of crop planting structure obtained via GWO comprehensively considers irrigation water consumption, economic benefits, and crop yield, which ensures coordinated development of resource, economic, and social systems and is conducive to promoting the benign development of the whole irrigation area system.

This study fabricated a silver-based composite photocatalytic material (Ag/AgVO₃/g-C₃N₄) for antibiotic degradation driven by visible light. The composite was prepared using the water bath method, and its morphology, structure and optical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-vis) diffuse reflection spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was evaluated within 240 min under visible-light irradiation, and its degradation effect was quantified using tetracycline hydrochloride as the target pollutant, applying different conditions of composite proportions and dosage, initial concentration of the contaminant, and pH. The experimental results demonstrated that the composite doped with Ag⁺ had a higher degradation effect on tetracycline hydrochloride. The highest degradation rate of tetracycline hydrochloride (reaching 86.64%) was achieved at a composite ratio of Ag/AgVO₃/5g-C₃N₄, dosage of 0.8 g·L⁻¹, and initial concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride of 10mg·L⁻¹. This rate is approximately 1.4 times and 1.7 times those of the pure-phase g-C₃N₄ and AgVO₃, and the degradation rate remains stable at 81.52% after 4 cycles of experiments. The favorable stability of the photocatalyst was also verified through a stability test.

Tectonic movement and magmatic activity are complex geological processes resulting from the interaction of multiple factors. These processes are often characterized by local singularities with nonlinear characteristics. This study drew on the Multifractal Local Singularity theory and took the Heyu granite magmatism and the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Xiong’er Mountain as examples to explore singularity characteristics in the process of tectonic evolution and magmatism. The aim was to enhance the understanding of geological evolution and offer new perspectives for studying geological evolution processes. The research showed that during the four stages of the Heyu granite magmatism, the early phase exhibited a low singularity index, weak magmatic activity, and relatively rapid crystallization. In the middle phase, the singularity index and eruption intensity gradually increased, whereas the crystallization rate decreased. The third stage had the highest singularity index and peak eruption intensity, with the lowest crystallization rate. In the final stage, the singularity index decreased, eruption intensity weakened, and crystallization rate increased. In the case of the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Xiong’er Mountain, three distinct stages were identified: early-stage compression and warming, mid-stage structural transformation, and late-stage decompression and extension. The singularity characteristics show a progressive increase from the early to the late stages, indicating a gradual intensification of tectonic activity.

Investigating the origin and accumulation of natural gas is crucial for investigating fields of gas and oil. This study can provide effective guidance for future strategic decisions. In this study, the Changxing–Feixianguan Formation gas reservoir in the Puguang area was employed as a case study. The gas source strata were evaluated through analysis of the geochemical characteristics of natural gas. The period of accumulation and reservoir type were identified by examining the inclusion and burial history characteristics. The results revealed that (1) the Changxing–Feixianguan Formation was a high-sulfur gas reservoir, primarily characterized by oil-type gas. Influenced by thermal sulfate reduction, it exhibited partial characteristics of a mixed gas; (2) the natural gas of the Changxing–Feixianguan Formation demonstrated a favorable biogenic relationship with the carbon isotope characteristics of the Longtan Formation and Maokou Formation kerogen, and its primary gas source was Permian source rock; and (3) the Changxing–Feixianguan Formation gas reservoir experienced three oil and gas charging events, namely, the Middle Triassic, Late Jurassic, and Late Cretaceous. Natural gas was primarily extracted from ancient reservoirs and has evolved into light oil, condensate gas, wet gas, and dry gas. These findings serve as a foundation for investigating the accumulation of natural gas within the Changxing–Feixianguan Formation in the Puguang area. In future natural gas exploration efforts, it is recommended to concentrate on identifying paleostructures that may have formed ancient oil reservoirs to enhance the precision of natural gas exploration.