Vehicle-to-Grid chargers (V2Gs) are currently considered a key component for supporting future power systems in primary and especially secondary frequency regulation. Most of the research works conducted so far on this topic are based on a vehicle-centric perspective, whereas global approaches where the impact caused by fleets of V2Gs is studied from the perspective of an entire electric grid remain quite unexplored. In particular, the effects of aggregating different amounts of V2Gs from the HV, MV and LV subgrids to participate in frequency control represents a novel aspect to be investigated, which is expected to possess a strong potential for further improving the aggregation processes. To this end, this work presents a “global working framework” developed to evaluate the impact on an entire electric system of V2Gs participation in frequency regulation. A reality-based electric network is considered, where two HV, three MV and ten LV subgrids are interconnected. The effects of four different percentages of V2Gs aggregated from the HV, MV and LV subgrids are evaluated for two V2G installed capacities, 10 MW and 20 MW. Results are finally analyzed, including frequency vs time response, rate of change of frequency, grid losses, etc., and valuable knowledge, insights and guidelines are obtained for guiding future grid-level aggregation optimizations of V2Gs participation in frequency regulation.

The growing integration of renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic (PV) and wind power, presents challenges such as reduced system inertia and increased susceptibility to inter-area oscillations. These issues, coupled with stricter regulatory demands for grid stability, highlight the urgent need for effective damping solutions. This study proposes a novel method for detecting and mitigating inter-area oscillations using a power oscillation damping (POD) controller enhanced by applying a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The controller’s parameters are optimized through the Nobel Bat Algorithm (NBA) and fully implemented in DIgSILENT PowerFactory (DSPF). Simulations conducted on the New England IEEE-39 power system model under varying levels of renewable energy penetration demonstrate the model’s capability to dynamically detect, mitigate, and deactivate oscillations once stability is achieved. This work addresses emerging regulations requiring oscillation damping systems and offers a framework for certifying POD controllers for real-world implementation, ensuring their adaptability to diverse energy systems and regulatory contexts.