Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), is an autoimmune disease that is characterised by elevated thyroid-specific antibody titres. The incidence of AIT is increasing year over year, making it urgent to establish a suitable animal model for this condition, in order to better explore its pathogenesis and potential pharmaceutical mechanisms for treatment. Owing to a lack of basic research on this disease, problems such as disparate modelling methods with unclear and varying success rates make it difficult for researchers to obtain effective information on AIT in the short term. This report summarises and analyzes the current literature on AIT and combines actual operability to explain the selection and specific implementation processes behind the uses of different modelling approaches, to provide a better overall understanding of autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Objective: To assess the viability of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in decreasing orthodontic-related pain after different orthodontic procedures. Methods: A computerized literature search was conducted within the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang, VIP, and CBM databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which used PBMT to relieve pain during orthodontic treatment. Particular inclusion and exclusion criteria were connected to recognize relevant articles. The information was extricated autonomously by two reviewers, and a quality assessment was carried out by utilizing the Cochrane Collaboration “risk of bias” tool. Meta-analysis was conducted with fixed- or random-effects models as suitable. Statistical heterogeneity was also examined. The RevMan 5.4 software was utilized for data analysis. Results: Of 1024 recognized articles, 25 RCT were at long last included. Within the risk-of-bias assessments, 1 study displayed a high risk, 22 an unclear risk, and 2 a low risk. The meta-analysis appeared that in patients treated with photobiomodulation (PBM) versus control there was a distinction in support of PBMT in placement of elastomeric separators, canine retraction, and archwire placement during 1 week. Conclusions: PBMT demonstrated to be effective in advancing a reduction pain after elastomeric separators placement, canine retraction, and archwire placement within 1 week. In the future, more high-quality research with consistency in research design is needed for further evaluation.

This study is motivated by the clinical need for surgical navigation in minimally invasive arthroscopic surgery. An example of minimally invasive arthroscopic surgery is osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT),¹ which is an option for repairing focal cartilage defects in the knee ioints. OAT is a useful treatment for small osteochondritis dissecans ($<2{\mathrm{cm}}^2$)^2,3 and works by replacing a focal cartilage defect area with one or more osteochondral autografts generally harvested from the non-weight-bearing area of the patient’s healthy cartilage and bone. OAT makes small incisions and thus is usually performed arthroscopically and is minimally invasive. In contrast, mosaicplasty is a surgical technique that involves inserting three or more small plugs of healthy cartilage and bone from a non-weight-bearing site to fill larger areas of cartilage defects, forming a mosaic appearance.^4,5 Mosaicplasty is usually performed through open incisions, which is more invasive and requires a longer recovery time. OAT can be conducted by open or arthroscopic procedures. Although an open procedure has better visibility of the surgical field and it enables surgeons to get direct access to almost all articular lesions, open OAT has not shown superior clinical outcomes. In a cadaveric study,⁶ open and arthroscopic procedures for plug placement were comparatively conducted, and results showed no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision between the two techniques. Hence, arthroscopic OAT is the most commonly employed method.

Introduction: Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland and elevated specific antibodies. Its incidence rises annually, yet no standardized animal model fully mimics human AIT. Given unclear pathogenesis and lack of targeted immunotherapies, researchers invest significant time in developing suitable models. This study systematically compares pathological and immunological effects of different immunization conditions (antigen dose, frequency, administration methods) in NOD/LtJ mice to establish an optimal model for elucidating AIT pathogenesis and therapies.Methods: Eighty female NOD/LtJ mice were divided into subcutaneous (SC) and tail vein intravenous (IV) injection groups. SC groups received porcine thyroglobulin (pTg) emulsified in CFA (primary) and IFA (booster), with doses of 50/100/200 μg and frequencies of 2 or 3 immunizations. IV groups received pTg in PBS followed by LPS (3 immunizations: weeks 1, 3, 4). All model groups drank 0.05% NaI water. Thyroid histopathology (HE staining, infiltration scoring), serum TPO-Ab/TG-Ab (ELISA), cytokines (multiplex assay), Th17/Treg cells (multiplex immunofluorescence), and thyroid IL-17A/NLRP3/Caspase-1 (immunohistochemistry) were analyzed 2 weeks post-last immunization.Results: High-dose antigen (200 μg pTg) with high-frequency immunization (three times) via SC or IV routes induced severe thyroid lymphocyte infiltration (scores: SC 3.4±0.55, IV 3.2±0.45; p SC 406.2±7.46; TG-Ab: IV 158.4±5.32 > SC 141.9±2.36). This protocol activated Th1/Th17 cytokines (IL-17A, IL-6, TNF-α), increased Treg cells (p<0.001), and specifically enhanced NLRP3 (p<0.001) and Caspase-1 in thyroid tissue, with IV injection showing superior antibody production and inflammasome activation.Discussion: The combination of high-dose pTg (200 μg) and three immunizations maximally induced AIT pathology and immune responses in NOD/LtJ mice. Tail vein injection excelled in stimulating antibody production and NLRP3 activation, while subcutaneous injection promoted stronger histological inflammation. After balancing operational feasibility, pathological reproducibility, and immunological specificity, three subcutaneous and intravenous tail injection of 200 μg pTg are recommended as the optimal modeling protocol. This approach accelerates model selection, improves experimental efficiency, and reduces animal use, providing a robust foundation for AIT research.

AIT, mainly represented by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, is one of the most common organ-specific autoimmune diseases with incidence estimates in the range of 0.3–1.5 per 1,000 people and a clear female...