Purpose of review: Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is an important problem worldwide, with different areas of controversy regarding its entity. This article reviews the risk factors, comorbidities, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, effective management, and prognosis of MOH by summarizing and integrating the results and findings from previously performed more than 15,000 studies (from 2010 to 2023) available from the scientific database of the University Medical Library in the University Clinical Center of Niš, which aimed to investigate and define the complexity of this type of headache. Recent finding: It has been proposed that all acute migraine medications can lead to MOH, with differences in the propensity of different agents to cause the problem. Early data suggests that triptans and other painkillers used for the acute treatment of migraine may be an exception. Recent studies show that practitioners and the general public are still largely unaware of the problem of medication overuse and its damaging effects. Summary: Although it is likely that MOH does occur, restricting the number of acute medications is necessary to prevent it. It is also possible that increasing amounts of acute medications are simply a reflection of poorly controlled headaches rather than a cause. Further research needs to be developed to identify more precise mechanisms for effective MOH management and its evolution.

Purpose of review: Medication overuse headache (MOH) is an important problem worlwide areas of different controversy regarding its entity. This article reviews the risk factors, comorbidities, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, effective management and prognosis of MOH, by summaries and integrates the results and finding in previously performed more than 15000 studies (from the year of 2010 to 2023) available from the scientific database of the University Medical Library in the University Clinical centre of Niš, which aimed to investigate and define a complexcity of this type of headache. Recent finding: It has been proposed that all acute migraine medications can lead to MOH, with differences in the propensity of different agents to cause the problem. Early data suggests that triptans and other pain killers used for the acute treatment of migraine, may be an exception. Recent studies show that practicioners and the general public are still largely unaware of the problem of medication overuse and its damaging effects. Summary: Although it is likely that MOH does occur and restricting the amount of acute medications is necessary to prevent it. It is also possible that increasing amounts of acute medications are simply a reflection of poorly controlled headaches, rather than a couse. Further researches need to be developed to identify more precisious mechanism in MOH effecitive management and its evolution.

Background/Aim. Acoustic evoked potentials (AEPs) represent an electrophysiological method used in diagnosing pathological changes of the brain stem (BSt), the acoustic nerve (its peripheral and central part), in patients in coma, in the confirmation of cerebral death, etc. The response includes seven negative waves which are generated in the structures of the BSt vascularized by the arteries of the posterior circulation. However, in everyday practice, due to their constancy, the first five waves are followed. The vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) is assumed to affect the AEPs finding. The current definition of VAH includes the criterion that the diameter of the blood vessel is ? 2 mm and that the ratio of the diameter of the left and right vertebral artery is ? 1 : 1.7. VAH is found in 5.3% of cases of the total population and its presence increases the risk of posterior circulation stroke (PCS). The aim of this study was to show a higher frequency of pathological findings of AEPs in patients with VAH and PCS and demonstrate the characteristics of AEP in that group of patients. Methods. This prospective study included 163 patients diagnosed with PCS over a period of two years. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) established the diagnosis of PCS. Suspicion of VAH was found by Color Doppler ultrasonography and confirmed by CT and MR angiography. All patients underwent AEPs testing. Wave amplitudes and interwave latencies (IWL) were monitored. Results. There was no statistically significant difference between gender (?2 = 1.823; p = 0.176) and age in relation to VAH (p = 0.815). A statistically significant greater number of patients with multiple PCS had a positive VAH finding (VAH group, 42.3%) compared to those without VAH (noVAH group, 26.6%) (?2=4.278; p=0.038). A statistically significant greater number of pathological AEPs was found in the group of patients with PCS and VAH (?2 = 4.899; p = 0.026). A statistically significant IWL change accompanied by low amplitude waves in the VAH group has been determined (?2 = 4.465; p = 0.034). Conclusion. The distribution of VAH is not gender- or age-related. The frequency of pathological AEPs findings (presence of associated changes in wave amplitudes and prolonged IWL) is statistically significantly higher in patients with VAH and PCS.

In 1885, French neuropsychiatrist Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette was the first to describe a disease of tics. His success was not unexpected, as he was a student of the renowned neurologist Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot. Georges Gilles de la Tourette was born on October 30, 1857, in Saint-Gervais-les-Trois-Clochers, France, as the eldest of four children. Immediately after graduating in 1881, he went to Paris for further training. His special interests included hysteria, psychotherapy, and hypnotism. By revising an article titled “Experiments with the ‘Jumpers of Maine’ ”, he concluded that a somewhat similar disorder exists in different cultures across the world. He soon described additional signs of the syndrome, including inarticulate sounds, echolalia, and coprolalia, and accentuated the hereditary nature of the disease. Insightful and dedicated yet short-tempered and arrogant, Georges Gilles de la Tourette was an inspiring physician and teacher. He left behind a significant legacy in the study of involuntary movements, particularly through his description of the syndrome that would come to be known as Tourette syndrome. This description of the syndrome is just a portion of his contributions to neurology and psychiatry. His work, often met with both admiration and criticism, reflects the complexities of his personality and the challenges he faced in his professional life.