This study presents a bibliometric analysis of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) research and its application in city development. The fast urbanization and growing complexity of urban management recognize the importance of SDI in supporting sustainable urban planning and innovative city development. This study systematically reviews trends in the publications, key contributors, keywords, and thematic areas of SDI and urban settings. The study uses bibliometric tools such as VOSviewer and Biblioshiny, as well as data from 2003 to 2023. The results show that the number of publications has expanded, and the growth rate in publications has accelerated since 2013, increasing significantly due to geospatial technologies and broadening interest in the concept of smart cities. It identifies the key authors, countries, and collaborative networks that have recognized initiation in the research area. It puts forward the core contributions of Germany, Italy, and Croatia in this field. This research uses keyword co-occurrence and thematic mapping to illustrate dynamic areas of emphasis, including incorporating 3D city models with smart mapping and the application domains of Geographical Information Systems (GISs) and SDI in urban planning. This study further elaborates on other significant developing trends, such as implementing participatory sensing in environmental monitoring and securing SDI within smart city applications. It also highlights enhanced international collaborations toward strengthening the global knowledge base of the challenges in sustainable city development. Hence, this bibliometric analysis is supposed to be used for future research and policy decisions within SDI and city development. Overall, this study will support research by providing a direction for the literature on SDI and city studies and arranging bases for future studies that recommend developing urban resilience and sustainability using the effective practice of geospatial data.

Purpose: Disasters are occurring worldwide, and Sri Lanka has also become a victim of multiple disasters. Though there is a disaster management mechanism from the national level to the local level in Sri Lanka, several gaps are identified in pre- and postdisaster management activities. Among them, the responsibilities of local-level stakeholders in flood management activities are not performing at a satisfactory level. Therefore, the flood damage from the previous events was too great. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to assess the roles, responsibilities and performance of stakeholders involved in local-level flood risk management activities. Design/methodology/approach: The Deduru Oya basin in Sri Lanka was selected as the study area. The study hypothesized that “ineffective roles, responsibilities and performance of local level stakeholders have weakened the flood risk management in the Deduru Oya basin.” The stratified random sampling method selected the sample (n = 425) from the flood-vulnerable population. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire survey, key informant interviews and field observations. Secondary data were collected from reports, work plans, journal papers and published maps. Descriptive data analysis methods and thematic data analysis methods were used in the study. Findings: About 69% of the respondents state that they are not satisfied with the involvement of government agencies in local-level flood risk management activities, while 10% of the respondents state that they are satisfied. The thematic analysis reveals several gaps, such as the lack of reservations in the Deduru Oya, improper land use practices, no inundation areas are identified and mapped out and the effects of illegal sand mining in the Deduru Oya. In addition to that, the lack of legal power vested in local governments in disaster management and the weaknesses of current legislation on flood risk management are the other major courses of local-level ineffectiveness. Research limitations/implications: The current research was limited to studying the involvement of local-level stakeholders in flood risk management, but the involvement of subnational and national-level stakeholders should be studied in future research. Originality/value: This paper examines the involvement of local-level stakeholders in flood risk management. The results of the study confirm that the roles and responsibilities of local-level stakeholders are not well-defined and mandated, and therefore, the performance of stakeholders involved is minimal. Therefore, the results highlight the need for a well-established community-based flood risk management mechanism.

Sri Lanka's vulnerability to climate change-induced natural disasters, particularly floods, under-scores the urgent need for an integrated approach to disaster risk management (DRM) that ad-dresses the interconnected challenges within the water-food-land-energy nexus. The Deduru Oya basin, located in the north-western region, exemplifies this vulnerability, with its predominantly intermediate climatic zone susceptible to flooding. While the focus has traditionally been on flood risk reduction, it is imperative to recognize the broader implications of floods on water, food, land, and energy systems. This study aims to strengthen data acquisition and management efforts to better understand rainfall trends and their impact on the water-food-land-energy nexus in the Deduru Oya basin. By compiling 60 years of rainfall data and conducting time series analysis, we observed a decreasing trend in monthly rainfall, particularly during the South-West Monsoon, Second Inter Monsoon, and North-East Monsoon seasons. These findings have significant implica-tions for water availability, agricultural productivity, land use patterns, and energy generation in the basin. Moreover, the malfunction of stakeholders' responsibilities for local-level flood risk management exacerbates the challenges faced by communities living in flood-prone areas. By in-tegrating insights from this study into flood risk management strategies, stakeholders can develop holistic approaches that not only mitigate flood risk but also enhance resilience across the water-food-land-energy nexus. This interdisciplinary approach will inform policymakers, flood manag-ers, practitioners, and the community in formulating effective strategies to address the multifacet-ed challenges posed by floods in the Deduru Oya basin and beyond.